• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.165-181
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• 2014

We establish a common n-tupled fixed point theorem for hybrid pair of mappings under new contractive condition. It is to be noted that to find n-tupled coincidence point, we do not use the condition of continuity of any mapping involved. An example supporting to our result has also been cited. We improve, extend and generalize several known results.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2015

Bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) can be different depending on soil pH. For this reason, main purpose of this research was to compare bioavailability of Cd and As in agricultural field under varied soil pH and different extractants. Bioavailable fraction of Cd and As in soil was extracted with $CaCl_2$, $NaNO_3$, DTPA, EDTA, and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs). Soil samples and cultivated crops were collected at the range of soil pH 4.5-8.5 and correlation analysis was conducted between bioavailable fraction of Cd and As in soil and total concentration of Cd and As in crops. Results showed that concentration of Cd and As in acidic soil was ranged $0.002-0.462mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.041-4.903mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. In alkaline condition, concentration of Cd and As were ranged $0.006-0.351mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.039-2.807mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. Comparing bioavailable fraction of Cd and As in acidic and alkaline soil condition, higher concentration was measured in acidic condition. Similarly, higher average concentration of Cd and Asin crops was observed in acidic condition (0.398 and $0.751mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively) than alkaline condition (0.248 and $0.264mg\;kg^{-1}$). Among different extractants, LMWOAs method showed higher correlation ($r^2=0.545$) for Cd in acidic condition indicating that LMWOAs method could be applied for evaluating bioavailability of Cd in acidic soil. However, no high correlation was observed for As in both acidic and alkaline condition. Overall, bioavailable fraction of Cd and As can be higher in acidic condition of soil than alkaline condition resulting higher uptake of Cd and As from soil to crops. Therefore, efficient best management practice (BMPs) for Cd and As in acidic soil should be conducted for minimizing uptake of Cd and As into crops.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1999

A highly effective phosphorus accumulating bacterium named Acinetobacter CW3 was isolated from the nature by using Winogradsky columns. The optimal cultivation conditions of Acinetobacter CW3 in shaking flask were determined as $20^{\circ}C$, pH 7, 200rpm, 18.5mg $PO_4$-P/L. Acientobacter CW3 could remove phosphorus completely in 12hours for a batch culture at optimal cultivation condition. This bacterium could uptake phosphorus on aerobic condition and release it on anaerobic condition.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investgate dyeing, moradnting properties and colorfastness activities of silk, polyamide, acetate treated black soybean extracts. The color of extract by buffer solution (pH=1) red, but the higher pH of extracted black soybean solution the paler of color strength. Black soybean extracts was approved anthocyanin of 3type(Delphinidin3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Petunidin 3-glucoside) by chemiclal analysis. This anthocynin, in acid condition, is oxinium structure (red color, soluable) but, in alkali condition quinoid structure(dark brown, in soluable). The optimum dyeing condition of black soybean anthocynin was 10min at $30^{\circ}C$, pH -1. Colorfastness to washing and light showed generally low but crocking fastness was excellent.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.36-43
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• 2004

The effect of bath composition, plating condition and plating rate on the magnetic property of electroless Co-Cu-P deposits were investigated. With increasing $CuCl_2$ concentration in the bath, plating rate increased, while the Br value of deposit decreased sharply. Deposited surface were inferiority by the increase pH above 10.5, bath temperature higher than $80^{\circ}C$. Plating reaction had been ceased by the increase of pH above 11, bath temperature higher than $90^{\circ}C$ and under $40^{\circ}C$. The Br value of deposit was uniform with various concentration of complexing agent(sodium citrate) in the bath. The Br value of deposit was almost equal to that found by the addition of stabilizer (thiourea) and accelerator(NaF). The Br value of deposit was uniform in plating time(20min) and heat treatment temperature(below $200^{\circ}C$), and were confirmed to have adequate bath stability for practical use.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.557-562
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• 1996

We find an equivalent condition of $M_n(R)[x, \delta]$ to be primitive and characterize a special subring P of $M_n(R)$. Also, we find an equivalent condition of $P[x, \delta]$ to be primitive.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the hip internal rotation on gluteal and erector spinae muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity during treadmill walking. Eleven healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects performed treadmill walking while maintaining the hip in neutral position (condition 1) and in internal rotation (condition 2). Surface EMG activity was recorded from four muscles (gluteus maximus (GM), gluteus medius (GMED), tensor fascia latae (TFL), and erector spinae (ES)) and the hip internal rotation angle was measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system. The gait cycle was determined with two foot switches, and stance phase was normalized as 100% stance phase (SP) for each condition using the MatLab 7.0 program. The normalized EMG activities according to the hip rotation (neutral or internal rotation) were compared using a paired t-test. During the entire SP of treadmill walking, the EMG activities of GM in condition 1 were significantly greater than in condition 2 (p<.05). The EMG activities of TFL and ES in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). The EMG activities of the GMED in condition 1 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p>.05) except for 80~100% SP. Further studies need randomized control trials regarding the effect of hip internal rotation on the hip and lumbar spine muscle activity. Kinetic variables during gait or going up and down stairs are also needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of 640 nm LED irradiation and aromatherapy on the skin condition of the neck. Twenty female participants were divided into Group A (640 nm LED irradiation + aromatherapy) and Group B (640 nm LED irradiation only). Total of 8 experiments were conducted on the 2 groups twice a week. As a result of the experiment, moisture content was significantly improved in both group A (p<0.01) and group B (p<0.001), and wrinkle index was significantly improved in both group A (p<0.01) and group B (p<0.05). Additionally, the change in skin density was significantly improved in both group A (p<0.001) and group B (p<0.05), and the change in elasticity was significantly improved in both group A (p<0.001) and group B (p<0.001) as well. However, the change in skin tone was not significant in group A (p>0.05), but the change was drastically improved in group B (p<0.05). Blemishes and pigmentation changes were significantly improved in group A (p<0.05), but was not significant in group B (p>0.05). These results conclude that combining aromatherapy with 640 nm LED irradiation can be highly effective in improving skin condition of the neck.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.343-347
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• 1997

Effect of culture conditions on the fermentation of wheat flour solution by mixed lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus brevis, L. fermentum and L. plantarum was investigated. The optimum temperature for the fermentation of wheat flour solution was $35^{\circ}C$ because pH decreased the lowest value and TTA (total titrable acidity) increased the highest value at this temperature. In aerobic condition, fermentor was purged with air at 1.0 vvm and was purged with nitrogen gas at 1.0 vvm in anaerobic condition. The decrease of pH and the increase of TTA in aerobic condition were higher than those in anaerobic condition. In aerobic condition, the optimum condition of oxygen supply was found to be oxygen transfer rate coefficient of $60\;hr^{-1}$ which corresponded to agitation speed of 250 rpm in a 5 L fermentor. Repeated fed-batch cultures were performed using pH-stat in order to increase the productivity of fermented wheat flour. With increasing the repeated fraction of culture volume, mean cycle time increased but maximum operation time decreased. However, the volume of produced broth per culture volume per time and total volume of produced broth per culture volume were maximum at the repeated fraction of culture volume of 20%. In a repeated fed-batch fermentation of wheat flour solution using mixed lactic acid bacteria, the culture condition was optimum at temerature of $35^{\circ}C$, aeration rate of 1.0 vvm, oxygen transfer rate coefficient of $60\;hr^{-1}$, and repeated fraction of culture volume of 20%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.856-862
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• 1994

In salt-preserved foods of every kinds, it was examined the growth condition of halophilic bacteria that induced a change of colour, taste, nutritive substance, a production condition of enzyme and a character of crude enzyme. Used bacteria is H. halobium a kind of extremely halophilic bacteria, and the required of optimum culture needed a quite long time of crude enzyme production is 168 hours. Optimum pH is about 7-7.5, so the traditional food of such neutrality pH as soybean paste and soy sauce particularly come into trouble because the growth can flourish in neutrality or alkaliescence, and the crude enzyme also appeared that best activation between pH 6 and pH 8. The optimum temperature is about 37$^{\circ}C$, the optimum temperature of enzyme is about 40 $^{\circ}C$ and the temperature stability is settled for 15 minutes and it is completely inactivated at 10 minutes. In the influence of each metal ion, Fe++ and Mn++ a stimulated the growth of H.halobium and the activation of enzyme, Cu++ and Zn++ were identified that made the growth and the activation of enzyme inhibit.