• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.433-446
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• 2009

Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are trace contaminants of growing importance in environmental health due to their physiologically active nature. Pharmaceuticals could affect non-target species and might eventually damage sustainability of susceptible populations in the ecosystem. Potentials for health consequences among susceptible human population cannot be ruled out since long-term exposure to cocktails of pharmaceuticals, which might be present in drinking water, is possible. Selection of antibiotic resistant microorganisms is of another concern. In order to understand, and if needed, to properly address the environmental health issues of pharmaceutical residues, knowledge gaps need to be filled. Knowledge gaps exist in many important areas such as prioritization of target pharmaceuticals for further risk studies, occurrence patterns in different environments, chronic toxicities, and toxicities of pharmaceutical mixtures. Appropriate treatment technologies for drinking water and wastewater could be developed when they are deemed necessary. One of the simplest, yet most efficient measures that could be undertaken is to implement a return program for unused or expired drugs. In addition, implementation of environmental risk assessment frameworks for pharmaceuticals would make it possible to efficiently manage potential environmental health problems associated with pharmaceutical residues in the environment.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.7
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• pp.151-175
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• 1995

In recent years, questions have arisen under several forms with respect to the need for adapting present legal order established under the Chicago Convention and relevant customary rules into newly developed environment surrounding the international air transport industry. Major feature of such trends included in opinions for modification of the present legal order might be defined as more liberalistic approach to this industry. In this respect, many scholars and lawyers in this field agree with a view that a theoretical tie between an aircraft/air liners and a register - State lies in political and strategical concern of the State so that each aircraft/air liners has been attributed a single nationality. In the context of such concern, each aircraft/air liners has been related with each register-State in the form of "genuine connection". However, present and near future development of air transport industry and its world - wide market requires some modification of such single nationality regime. Taking into account such circumstances, States as creator of present legal order are in the process of establishing new legal order where air liners with multi - nationality are capable of satisfying to such needs. As adopting a series of liberalization package for air transport industry in european continent, European Union adopts a concept of "community air carrier", by which an air space of each member State is open to each other, especially through the grant of cabotage right. A serious concern may arise in such grant because the Article 7 of the Chicago Convention prohibits such grant on an exclusive basis. While many theoretical opinions have been put forward concerning the interpretation of that article, a case of European Union shall be a good test of the range of its application. It is anticipated that future development around this issue shaH furnish us a major feature of the liberalization of international air transportation and an adaptation process of present legal order.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.122-132
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to survey and analyze the environmental awareness and attitude of elementary school students, adapting the CHEAKS(Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale) for Korean elementary students, which is the valid-tested tools for children's environmental awareness and altitude. The subjects are 580 students from 6 elementary schools. The differences of the environmental attitude are surveyed and analyzed by environmental education activities, such as environmental activities in school and “the school forest movement”, and environmental awareness and concern. The results are as followings: First, the subjects replied that the environmental problems are very serious, such as atmospheric pollution(37.6%), water pollution(22.2%) and food waste(16.3%), but they are relatively optimistic of the future environment. Second, the verbal commitment subdomain and the affect domain are evaluated higher than the actual commitment subdomain, and the environmental issues of water, energy and recycling are considered more importantly than other issues such as environmental generals, pollutions and animals. Third, the grade and the sex have little effect on the environmental attitude, but the environmental education activities have great positive effect, such as the experience of environmental camping, the education of saving resources, waste separation and the experience of raising plants and flowers. Fourth, the students with high awareness and concern about the environmental problems have high environmental attitude. Especially, the awareness and concern on the flowers and plants have very strong correlation with environmental attitude, regardless of the subdomains. Finally, the students from the school participating “the school forest movement” have relatively positive environmental attitude. Particularly, the participation of students and the positive approach of the school have positively great influence on the students' environmental attitude in all of 3 subdomains and 6 environmental issues.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.415-421
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• 2004

Litter wastes on highway runoff are gradually being considered one of the major pollutants of concern in protecting the integrity of receiving waters for beneficial use. The California State Water Resources Control Board has identified in their 303(d) list at least 36 water bodies where trash or litter is considered a pollutant of concern. The first TMDL adopted by the Region 4 (Los Angeles area) of the California State Water Quality Control Board was for trash in the Los Angeles River. The first flush characteristic study was developed to obtain first flush water quality and litter data from representative stormwater runoff from standard highway drainage outfalls in the Los Angeles area. Total captured gross pollutants in stormwater runoff were monitored at six Southern California highway sites over two years. The gross pollutants were 90% vegetation and 10% litter. Approximately 50% of the litter was composed of biodegradable materials. The event mean concentrations show an increasing trend with antecedent dry days and a decreasing trend with total runoff volume or total rainfall. Event mean concentrations were ranged 0.0021 to 0.259g/L for wet gross pollutants and 0.0001 to 0.027g/L for wet litters. The first flush phenomenon was evaluated and the impacts of various parameters such as rainfall intensity, drainage area, peak flow rate, and antecedent dry period on litter volume and loading rates were evaluated. First flush phenomenon was generally observed for litter concentrations, but was not apparent with litter mass loading rates. Litter volume and loading rates appear to be directly related to peak storm intensity, antecedent dry days and total flow volume.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 2021

Purpose: Year of 2020, COVID-19 has been changing the people's everyday life to ways never been thought of before all over the world. The IT and electronic industry, the methods of supplying goods and services have been changed from contact to un-tact environments based on un-tact systems very rapidly. COVID-19 has been striking the tourism and the travel industry, especially the airline and hotel industry of which services are provided by human. For the passenger service of airliner, automation has been propelled and un-tact style of service has become mainstreams except cabin service since 2000's. For passenger transportation, due to traffic regulations and exclusions etc., switching to new ways is not easy. However, under the new environment made by COVID-19, kiosk check-in, web check-in and mobile check-in has become more important. In this study, the characteristics of airline customers using mobile goods are investigated to find ways to raise the rate of utilizing mobile check-in and to increase the efficiency of boarding process. Research design, data, and methodology: Considering the COVID-19 environment, survey was done by online research company. The research model is designed to integrate the user characteristics and usage/purchase motive and technology acceptance theory. Especially considering infectious diseases prevention, concern of safety is adopted as one of the usage motive variable. Results: Extraversion or conscientiousness characteristics prefers counter check-in(contact service), while openness characteristics prefers mobile check-in(un-tact service). Concern of safety for infectious disease shows strong non-preference on counter check-in. Conclusions: Regarding service type regardless of type of the industry, automation and un-tact have been mainstreams due to high costs of labor, efficiency and standardization issue, etc., and COVID-19 has given impetus to them. For airliner, un-tact service including boarding process service has been more and more important. To raise the rate of un-tact service use, the characteristics of the user should be analyzed first. The study results indicate that for extraversion or conscientiousness, some kinds of methods to induce them to use un-tact service more are needed.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2009

Even though climate change is visibly proceeding and public concern about climate change is increasing both nationally and internationally, teenagers' and students' perception of climate change is relatively low in Korea. Since climate change is a problem with long-term effects, it is young people including children and juveniles of the current generation and future generations who are more affected by climate change. They are the most interested party who should know why climate change happens, what kind of impacts will be given, and how to respond to the problem. Based on the aforementioned concern, this study aims to explore the extent and contents of school education with regard to climate change in Korea as well as in other advanced countries and to provide policy suggestions. This study finds that school climate change education requires consideration of multiple aspects including reorganization of school curriculum, revitalization of related programs by school, expansion of teachers' training chances, in which multiple institutions such as the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Offices of Education are related and, consequently, the activation of climate change education program is by no means simple. Therefore, for effective climate change education in schools, cooperation and coordination of related institutions are essential, along with development of diverse school education curriculums and programs and training programs for teachers.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.581-594
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• 2015

This paper analyzes the effects of adolescents' cultural disposition and self-conscious emotion on empathy according to gender and age. Data were collected from self-report questionnaires for 385 adolescents in Chungbuk province. The major results of the study were as follow: First, adolescents who perceived high collectivism showed a high ability on perspective taking. Additionally, girls who had high guilt showed a high ability on perspective taking. Sixth graders who had high guilt and low shame and eleventh graders who had high pride showed high ability on perspective taking. Second, boys who perceived high collectivism and guilt, and girls with high individualism, low shame, and high guilt showed a high ability towards fantasy. Sixth graders who had high individualism and guilt and low shame, eighth graders with high guilt and eleventh graders with high individualism, collectivism and guilt showed high ability towards fantasy. Third, adolescents with high collectivism showed high ability on empathic concern. Additionally, boys, girls, and eleventh graders with low shame and high guilt, and sixth graders with low shame showed a high level of empathic concern. Fourth, all adolescents with high guilt showed a high level of personal distress. Additionally, eighth graders with low individualism and eleventh graders with low pride showed a high level of personal distress. In conclusion, the significant relationships among cultural disposition, self-conscious emotion, and empathy are different for gender and age groups. Implications for future studies are provided.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1029-1033
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• 2004

Concern over the negative environmental impacts associated with the production, use and End-of-Life(EoL) of cellular phones is particularly high due to large production volumes and characteristically short time scales of technological and stylistic obsolescence. Therefore we have to research the environment-friendly technologies and the recycling methods. This paper introduces an improvement of cellular phone remanufacturing processes and develops the Directive of DFE(Design for Environment) for the remanufacturing of a cellular phone. Then We discuss the results of the comparative evaluations.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-106
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• 2014

The concern for the global environment ensues researchers from various disciplines to work in collaboration to tackle with the issues of sustainability and environmental conservation for well-being of the people. In this study, we have selected and focused on few basic environment-effecting factors such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration level and referred them as meteorological data. In this paper, we present the development of our own customized hardware setup, environmental monitoring device (EMD) to obtain the data. Utilizing the relationship among these basic parameters, represented in the form of formulas and equations, we tried to encode them using Matlab programming. Data visualization is achieved by plotting the graphs of basic parameters obtained from EMD as well for the derivatives using Matlab programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.84-92
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• 2000

Recently, the progress of industrialization has been taken concern of material handling automation. So for, the conveyor belt has been popular for material handling. However, this system has many disadvantages such as the space, cost, etc. In this paper, a new navigation algorithm using fuzzy is introduced. The mobile robot follows a line installed on the roads. These informations are inputted with three approximate sensors. These obtained informations are analyzed with fuzzy control technique fur autonomous steering. Therefore, unlike existing systems, high reliability is guaranteed under bad environment conditions. The installation and maintenance of a line is easily made at lower cost. This developed mobile robot can be applied to material handling automation in manufacturing system, hospital, inter-office document del ivory.