• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2015

In order to grasp the clear concepts and variables to treat Shanghan diseases which has complex meaning by each medical literature, several concepts and analytic method of structuralism from early to late stage encompassing Saussure and Derrida were used. Main concepts are langue and parole, signifiant and signifie, syntagme and paradigme, denotation and connotation, synchronie and diachronie, identity of structure and differance etc. and methods are substituting these concepts to historical Shanghan theories from Zhongjing to Ming-Qing dynasty and comparisons of synchronie about their era. Essential qualities of Shanghan diseases are pathologic phenomena under the order of unification of nature and man formed through concrescence between individual human body and geo-climatico-socio-cultural environmental conditions, neither injuries by cold pathogen nor five types of exopathogenic febrile diseases. The former environmental elements can be inferred from general traits of desires and public pathological aspects of social members, and the latter personal factors from corresponding features to those pathogenic variables. In addition, the concepts of Shanghan disease are added successively up to now via Jin-Yuan's four great masters and Wenbing masters, and thus the new concepts of denotation became another connotation obtaining new signifiant. In this way, for the treatment of Shanghan diseases, new theories should be made for ranging prescription over the wenbing field; reflecting not only climatical variables but also each patient's physio-pathological features and sociocultural variables. Thereby an appropriate and reasonable therapeutical systems can be designed and can guide research direction hereafter.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2010

This study aimed to examine factors and the correlations of burnout and job satisfaction in hospital dietitians. Burnout was classified into three sub-concepts: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Job satisfaction was also classified into three sub-concepts, including relationships, self-realization, and advancement opportunities. A survey was conducted with dietitians working in general hospitals of over 400 beds, in the Seoul metropolitan area. The factors that significantly influenced emotional exhaustion were health, work hours, number of intern dietitians, self-esteem, level of responsibility, while the factors that influenced depersonalization were relationships with coworkers, and role ambiguity. Personal accomplishment was influenced by age, the number of staff dietitians, the general number of managed workers, and self-esteem. In terms of job satisfaction, relationship was affected by age and relationships with supervisors, while self-realization was influenced by work hours, health, the number of patient meals, and role ambiguity. Age, job regularity, business management, role ambiguity, and relationships with supervisors also affected advancement opportunities. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishments, which represented burnout, had negative relationships with satisfaction with relationships, self-realization and advancement opportunities. Dietitians with low job satisfaction were likely to experience burnout. These results suggest that burnout and job satisfaction are influenced by internal and external factors that are individual or organizational problems encountered by hospital dietitians. Therefore, managers as well as dietitians need to understand these factors and overcome them through communication and mutual support.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제4권
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• pp.109-140
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• 1995

As we considered in the main subjects, investigations on the theory of 'Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' through 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)' of 'The seven great chapters in The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Su Wen' ("黃帝內經素問 七篇大論") are as follows. (1) In The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' Wang Bing supplement theory and in the academic aspects as a interpreter, judging from 'forget(亡)' character. expressed in the 'The missing chapters("素問遺篇")', 'Bonbyung-ron("本病論")' and 'Jabeob-ron(刺法論)', 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' must be supplementary work by Wang Bing. Besides, he quoted such forty books as medical books, taoist books, confucianist books, miscellaneous books, etc in the commentary and the contents quoted in the 'Su Wen(素問)' and 'Ling Shu("靈樞")' scripture nearly occupy in the book. As a method of interpreting scripiure as scripture, he edited the order of 'Internal Classic("內經")' ascended from the ancient time and when he compensated for commentary, with exhaustive scholarly mind and by observing the natural phenomena practically and writing the pathology and the methods of treatment. We knew that the book is combined with the study of 'Doctrine on five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' (2) When we compare, analyze the similar phrase of 'The seven great chapters in The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Su Wen'("黃帝內經素問ㆍ七篇大論") through 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)', he tells abouts organized 'five elements(五行)' and 'heaven's regularly movement(天道運行)' rather than 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' in 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")'. Also the 'Ohanunhangdae-ron("五運行大論")' because the repeated sentences with 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' is long they are omitted. And in the 'Youkmijidae-ron("六微旨大論")', 'Cheonjin ideology(天眞四象)' based on the 'Sanggocheonjin- ron("上古天眞論")', 'Sagijosindae-ron("四氣調神大論")' is written and in the 'Gigoupyondae-ron("氣交變大論")', the syndrome and symptom are explained in detail rather than 'Janggibeobsi-ron("藏氣法時論")', 'Okgijinjang-ron ("玉機眞藏論")' and in the 'Osangieongdae-ron("五常政大論")', the concept of 'five element(五行)' of the 'Gemgwejineon-ron("金櫃眞言論")' is expanded to 'the five elements' motion concept(五運槪念)' and in the 'Youkwonjeonggidae-ron("六元正紀大論")', explanations of 'The five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣)' function are mentioned mainly and instead systematic pathology is not revealed rather than 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")'. And in the 'Jijinyodae-ron("至眞要大論")', explanations of the change of atmosphere which correspond to treatment principle by 'The three Yin and Yang(三陰三陽)' as a progressed concepts are revealed. Therefore there are much similarity between the phrase of 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' and 'chapters of addition(補缺之篇)'. Generally, the doctrine which 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' are added by Wang Bing(王氷) is supported because there are more profound concepts rather than the other chapter in 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")'. (3) When we study Wang Bing's(王氷) 'Pattern on five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣格局)' in 'The seven great chapter("七篇大論")', in the 'Cheonwongi-dae-ron("天元紀大論")', With 'Cheonjin ideology(天眞思想)' and the concepts of 'Owang(旺)'${\cdot}$'Sang(相)'${\cdot}$'Sa(死)'${\cdot}$'Su(囚)'${\cdot}$'Hu(休)' and 'Cheonbu(天符)'${\cdot}$'Sehwoi(歲會)' are measured time-spacially to the concept of 'Three Sum(三合)' the concept of 'Taeulcheonbu(太乙天符)' is explained. In the 'Ounhangdae-ron("五運行大論")', 'The calender Signs five Sum(天干五合)' is compared to the concepts of 'couples(夫婦)', 'weak-strong(柔强)' and in the 'Youkmijidae-ron("六微旨大論")', 'the relationship of obedience and disobedience(順逆關係)' which conform to the 'energy status(氣位)' change and 'monarch-minister(君相)' position is mentioned. In the 'Gikyobyeondae-ron("氣交變大論")', the concept of 'Sang-duk(相得)', 'Pyungsang(平常)' is emphasized but concrete measurement is mentioned. In the 'Osangieongdae-ron("五常政大論")', the detailed explanation with twenty three 'systemic of the five elements' motion(五運體系)' form and 'rountine-contrary treatment(正治. 反治)' with 'chill-fever-warm-cold(寒${\cdot}$熱${\cdot}$溫${\cdot}$凉)' are mentioned according to the 'analyse and differentiate pathological conditions in accordance with the eight principal syndromes(八綱辨證)'. In the 'Youkwonjeonggidae-ron("六元正紀大論")', Wang Bing of doesn't mention the concepts of 'Jungwun(中運)' that is seen in the original classic. In the new corrective edition, as the concepts of 'Jungwun, Dongcheonbu, Dongsehae and Taeulcheonbu(中運, 同天符, 同歲會, 太乙天符)' is appeared, Wang Bing seems to only use the concepts of 'Daewun, Juwun, and Gaekwun(大運, 主運, 客運)'. In the 'Jijinyodaeron("至眞要大論")', Wang Bing added detailed commentary to pathology and treatment doctrine by explaining the numerous appearances of 'Sebo, sufficiency, deficiency(歲步, 有餘, 不足)' and in the relation of 'victory-defeat(勝復)', he argued clearly that it is not mechanical estimation. (4) When we observe the Wang Bing's originality on the study of 'the theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)', he emphasized 'The idea of Jeongindogi and Health preserving(全眞導氣${\cdot}$養生思想)' by adding 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)' of 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' and explained clearly 'The theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' and simpled and expanded the meaning of 'man, as a microcosm, is connected with the macrocosm(天人相應)' and with 'Atmosphere theory(大氣論)' also explained the meaning of 'rising and falling mechanism(升降氣機)'. In the sentence of 'By examining the pathology, take care of your health(審察病機 無失氣宜)'. he explained the meaning of pathology of 'heart-kidney-water-fire(心腎水火)' and suggested the doctrine and management of prescription. In the estimation and treatment, by suggesting 'asthenia and sthenia(虛實)' two method's estimation, 'contrary treatment(反治)' and treatment principals of 'falling heart fire tonifyng kidney water(降心火益腎水)', 'two class of chill and fever(寒熱二綱)' were demonstrated. There are 'inside and outside in the illness and so inner and outer in the treatment(病有中外 治有表囊)'. This sentence suggests concertedly. 'two class of superfies and interior(表囊二綱)' conforming to the position of disease. Therefore Wang Bing as an excellent theorist and introduced 'Cheoniin ideology(天眞思想)' as a clinician and realized the medical science. With these accomplishes mainly written in 'The theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' of 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")', he interpreted the ancient medical scriptures and expanded the meaning of scriptures and conclusively contributed to the development of the study 'Korean Oriental Medicine(韓醫學)'.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1995년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.280-284
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• 1995

The primary aim of this research is to summarize and discuss the problems that the hand tool manufactiuring industry of Korea is now facing. The study was performed mainly through the interviews with hand tool industry experts. Traditional design concepts are usually oriented towards the functionality of tools but often ignore the human factors such as ease of use, comfort, etc. As a result, for hand tools, mechanical and material aspects have been considerably enhanced but human factors have still much room for improvement.

• 한국정보관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보관리학회 1995년도 제2회 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.25-28
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• 1995

Whereas earlier research on information seeking efforts focused on system related concepts and observer constructs. the recent literature reflects a move toward user consturcts. The purpose of the study is to review, analyze and synthesize the various models on information seeking. The study suggests that the practice of intermediares can be both more efficient and effective if it is based on the conceptual assumptions that undergird the cognitive factors: systems designs or software access will also benefit if these cognitive factors are built into the information system as centeral design features.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2023

This study surveyed 2nd graders of B high school and 1st graders of A university in Gyeongnam on factors such as behavior control and interaction in non-face-to-face classes, easy or difficult concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry textbooks. Based on the results of the survey, the effect of changes in the difficulty level of concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry and changes in class types (face-to-face and non-face-to-face) on students' academic achievement by level was compared and analyzed. In the face-to-face class, the average score between the first and second semesters was similar according to the change in the difficulty of the concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry. In the non-face-to-face class, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester was quite low, and the average score of general chemistry was rather high. In non-face-to-face classes, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester of low-level students was significantly lowered due to changes in the difficulty of the concept and changes in class types on academic achievement by level. In the case of 10% of students at the lower level, the academic achievement of chemistry I decreased in both the second semester regardless of the changes in the difficulty level of concepts and the changes in class types.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2016

이 연구에서는 구인 모델링 방식을 적용하여 초등학교 5학년~중학교 3학년 학생들의 용해와 용액 개념에 대한 학습발달과정을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 현행 교육과정과 선행연구를 분석하여 용해와 용액 개념 이해의 가설적 발달 경로인 초기 구인 구성도를 설정하였고, 이를 바탕으로 순위정렬 선다형 평가 문항으로 구성된 검사지를 제작하였다. 826명의 학생들을 대상으로 검사를 실시하였으며, 다분 문항반응이론의 모형 중 부분 점수 모형을 활용하여 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 구인 구성도를 수정하였다. 연구 결과, 현행 교육과정에서 학년에 따른 용해와 용액 개념의 제시 순서는 대체로 학생들의 학습발달과정에 부합하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 하위 정착점과 용액에서 입자의 균일 분포 개념, 용해도에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 이해는 구인 구성도를 통해 이론적으로 예상한 수준과 달랐다. 수정된 구인 구성도에 따라 초 중등학생의 용해와 용액 개념에 대한 학습발달과정을 도출하였다. 하위정착점인 수준 1은 용해와 용액을 입자 관점에서 인식할 수 있으나 다양한 오개념을 지니는 수준으로, 수준 2는 용액에서 입자의 균일 분포 개념을 이해하는 수준으로, 수준 3은 용해도와 입자의 보존 개념을 이해하는 수준으로 설정되었다. 또한, 수준 4는 입자간 인력을 인식할 수 있으나 다양한 오개념을 지니는 수준으로, 상위정착점인 수준 5는 입자간 인력과 용해도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 이해하는 수준으로 설정되었다.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 형식적 사고를 요구하는 '기체 분자운동'의 개념 이해에 형식적 조작기로의 인지가속을 목적으로 하는 '생각하는 과학' 활동을 사전에 적용했을 때 어떠한 효과가 있는지 알아보았으며 이 활동에 대한 학생들의 인식을 조사하였다. 교과서 내용 분석을 통하여, 기체 분자 운동의 개념 이해에 필요한 논리적 요소로 변인, 비례, 보상, 형식적 모형 등의 4가지 논리를 추출하였다. 실험 집단 학생들에게 4가지 논리와 관련된 9개의 '생각하는 과학' 활동을 처치한 후에 기체 분자 운동의 수업을 실시하고, 기체 분자 운동의 개념 이해에 대한 성취도 평가를 하였다. 기체 분자 운동 개념에 대한 실험 집단과 통제 집단간의 성취도는 t-검증 결과 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 성 별 분석에서는 사전 인지 수준을 공변인으로 한 공변량 분석 결과 실험 집단의 여학생이 유의미하게 성취도가 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 과학 성취도 평가의 논리 별 정답률에서는 변인 통제, 보상, 형식적 모형논리의 정답률이 통제 집단에 비해 높게 나타났으나 비례 논리는 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. 실험 집단의 '생각하는 과학' 활동에 대한 인식 조사 결과, 활동에 대한 인식이 긍정적일수록 성취도가 높게 나타났으며 과학적 사고력과 태도 영역이 기체 분자 운동의 성취도 사이에 상관관계가 있었다. 특히 구체적 조작기 후기(2B)의 학생들이 가장 긍정적 인식을 가지고 있었으며 성취도도 높았다. 학생들은 교과서에 나와 있지 않는 실험 소재를 다루게 되어 흥미로웠으며 실험 후 토론 시간을 가지면서 연구자가 된 듯한 느낌을 갖게 되어 '생각하는 과학' 활동을 통해 자신의 과학적 사고력이 향상된 것 같다고 답변하였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2007

This paper studied the spatial factors activating the personal interaction based on case studies of $M\'{e}diath\'{e}ques$ in France. The spatial factors are analyzed into material factors and dematerial factors. The material factors have physical features in space and directly or indirectly activate the personal interaction. They consist of 8 elements including pocket space, balcony, atrium, stairs, elevators, windows, conference rooms and furnitures. The dematerial factors consist of 6 elements including polycentrism, continuance, mixture, interpenetration, dematerialization, transparency. They are compounded of material factors and explain them conceptually. But dematerial factors are abstract concepts. To provide reliability I confirm the relationship with dematerial factors by using a connections, topology, a phased depth of the Depthmap as the framework of the visual recognition of the space syntax covering the characteristic of dematerial factors. The result of the quantitative analysis human-behavior in $V\'{e}nissieux$ $M\'{e}diath\'{e}que$ and the result of applying the spatial factors of $M\'{e}diath\'{e}ques$ as the community center to the $V\'{e}nissieux$ $M\'{e}diath\'{e}que$ proved that the spatial factors are significant factors of the $M\'{e}diath\'{e}ques$ as the community center.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.141-157
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 수 과학 통합 교육 활동 프로그램 모형 개발을 위한 기초 연구로서 수 과학 통합교육 활동에서 나타난 유아 수 과학 관련 개념 발달과 교사의 교수-학습 전략을 분석하는 것이다. 연구대상은 청주시의 K 초등학교 병설 유치원에 재원 중인 원아 4명을 대상으로 3주간 실시하여 얻어진 총 7회의 수업사례이다. 결과 분석은 수집된 7개의 수업사례에서 나타나는 유아들의 수 과학 관련 개념의 발달과 교사의 교수-학습 전략을 질적으로 분석하였으며, 분석 결과, 유아들은 물체의 무게와 모양 그리고 움직임 간의 관련성, 물체의 크기와 무게와의 관련성, 물체의 거리 측정에 대한 세 가지 측면에서의 개념 발달을 나타냈다. 유아들의 수 과학 개념 발달을 돕기 위한 교사의 교수-학습 전략은 발문 내용, 자료와 매체의 활용, 집단 구성의 측면에서 이루어지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.