• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.406-414
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• 2010

Antioxidative activity, including inhibitory activities of angiotensin I converting enzyme(ACE), aminopeptidase N(APN) and $\alpha$-amylase, was investigated in the methanol extracts from Theaceae plants native to Jeju island, in order to select the plant species containing bioactive materials for functional food or medicines. ACE inhibitory activity was above 50% in Ternstroemia japonica(stem bark) and Cleyera japonica(leaf), and APN inhibitory activity was low to be positive only in C. japonica(leaf, stem bark) and T. japonica(stem bark). $\alpha$-Amylase inhibitory activity was above 30% in Camellia japonica(fruit), Eurya emarginata(stem), T. japonica(stem bark) and Thea sinensis(stem). The antioxidative activity, estimated by the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, was above 30% in C. japonica(stem bark), T. japonica(stem bark) and T. sinensis(leaf). Particularly, the antioxidative activity analyzed by dot-blot test was very high in C. japonica(stem bark) relatively to those of other plants, and remained high in the low concentration($1.25\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). From the TLC analysis of antioxidative compounds, EGC(Rf 0.26) was found to have high activity in stem bark of C. japonica and EGCG(Rf 0.09) was found to have high activity in stem bark of C. japonica, E. emarginata, and T. japonica. Five bands (Rf 0.54, 0.46,0.44, 0.16, 0.03) which were not identified as compared with catechins were detected as polyphenolic compounds on the TLC plates sprayed with the Folin-Ciocalteu solution or the Ferric chloride-alcohol solution. These results suggests that Theaceae plants except E. japonica could be potentially used as a resource of bioactive materials for functional foods or medicines and further research is reguired to identify the bioactive substances and determine the functions of them.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.404-415
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• 1978

The present study was carried out to develop the better measures for safety of open heart surgery under extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with Heart-Lung-Machine by preventing changes in the concentrations of serum electrolytes during and after ECC. For this purpose, the cocentrations of serum electrolytes were measured before, during, and after ECC in 21 patients with congenital and acquired heart diseases who received open heart surger, - under ECC using Heart-Lung-Machine. Also considered was the development of safety measured by which changes in serum electrolyte concentrations were prevented during and after open heart surgery under ECC. The mean values for serum sodium levels were observed to be ; $13.14{\pm}0.47$mEq./L. for the samples obtained before ECC. $139.59{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obtained 10 minutes after ECC and $138.0{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obt"ined 24 hours after ECC. These results indicate that serum sodium concentrations were \\'ithin normal range during and until 24 hours after ECC. 2) The concentrations of serum chloride were found to be $105.38{\pm}0.70$105.38$\pm$0. 70 mEq./L. for the samples collected before ECC, $105.07{\pm}1.01$mEq./L. for the Simples collected 24 minutes aiter ECC and $101.95{\pm}1.09$mEq./L. for the samples collectect 24 hours afte ECC. As was tile case with serum sodium levels, no significant changes were observed in serum chloride levels during and 24 hours after ECC. 3)With proper provisions of potassium chloride solution during ECC, the concentrations of serum potassium were found to be $4.22{\pm}0.06$mEq./L. for the samples removed before EeC, $4.06{\pm}0.14$mEq./L. for the samples removed 10 minutes after ECC and $4.39{\pm}0.07$ mEq./L. for the samples removed 24 hours after ECC. 4)The concentrations of serum calcium were also maintained within normal during and after ECC; $9.15{\pm}0.14$mg/dl for the serum collected before ECC, $8.36{\pm}0.21$mg/dI for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $8.47{\pm}0.14$mg/dl 21 hours after ECC. The maintenance of serum calcium level within normal throughout ECC was achieved by parenteral administrations of calcium gluconate as frequent as required. 5) As were the cases with serum potassium and calcium, the concentrations of plasma bicarbonate was regulated within normal range during and after ECC, only when sodium bicarbonate solution was admini"tered parenterally as it was required; $23.7{\pm}0.50$mEq./L. for the serum collected before ECC. $22.33{\pm}1.09$mEq.lL. for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $25.3{\pm}0.96$mEq./L. for the serum collected 24 hours after ECC. The above results indicate tha t during and after ECC serum sodium and chloride levels remined unchanged without any provision of normal saline, while serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations were kept within normal limits only when these ealectrolytes were administered through parenteral routes. With these results it can be concluded that serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate levels should be determined as often as possible during and after ECC and that in order to maintain serum electrolyte levels within normal these electrolytes in the forms of potassium chloride, calcium gluconate, and sodium bicarbonate shou'd be given parenterally as they were found to be required.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.230-239
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• 1999

Perchlorate ion-selective electrodes in PVC membranes that respond linearly to concentration 106 M were developed by incorporating the quaternary phosphonium salts as a canier. The effects of the chemical structure, the contents of canier, the kind of plasticizer and the membrane thickness on electrode characteristics such as the electrode slope, the linear respone range and the detection limit were studied. With this results, the detectable pH range, selectivity coefficients and AC impedance characteristics were compared and investigated. The perchlorate ion substituents of the quaternary phosphonium salts like tetraoctylphosphonium perchlorate (TOPP) , tetraphenylphosphonium perchlorate(TPPP), and tetrabutylphosphonium perchlorate(TBPP) as a canier were used. The electrode characteristics were better in the ascending order of TBPP < TPPP < TOPP, with the increase of carbon chain length of the alkyl group. Dioctylsebacate(OOS) was best as a plasticizer, the canier contents were better with 11.76 wt% and the optimum membrane thickness was 0.19 mm. Under the above condition, the electrode slope was 56.58 mV/$^P{ClO}_4$,the linear response range was $10^{-1}$\times$10^{-6}$ M, the detection limit was 9.66 x $10^{-7}$ M. The performance of electrode was better than Orion electrode. The electrode potential was stable within the pH range from 3 to 11. The order of the selectivity coefficients for the perchlorate ion was sol < F < Br < 1. With the result of impedance spectrum, it was found that the equivalent circuit for the electrode could be expressed by a series combination of solution resistance, parallel circuit consisting of the double layer capacitance and bulk resistance and Warburg impedance. And solution resistance was almost not appeared and Warburg impedance was highly appeared by diffusion. Then Warburg coefficient was 1.32$\times$$10^74 $\Omega$ $\cdot$ ${cm}^2/s^{1/2}$.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1998

The specimens used were Ag-25 Pd-15 Cu ternary alloy and Au addition alloy. These alloys were melted and casted by induction electric furnace and centrifugal casting machine in Ar atmosphere. These specimens were solution treated for 2hr at $800^{\circ}C$ and were then quenched into iced water, and aged at $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ Age- hardening characteristics of the small Au-containing Ag-Pd-Cu dental alloys were investigated by means of hardness testing. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations, electrical resistance, ergy dispersed spectra and electron probe microanalysis. Principal results are as follows : Hardening occured in two stages, i.e., stage I in low temperature and stage II in high temperature regions, during continuous aging. The case of hardening in stage I was due to the formation of the $L1_0$ type face-centered tetragonal PdCu-ordered phase in the grain interior and hardening in stage I was affected by the Cu concentration. In stage II, decomposition of the ${\alpha}$ solid solution to a PdCu ordered phase($L1_0$ type) and an Ag-rich ${\alpha}2$ phase occurred and a discontinuous precipitation occurred at the grain boundary. From the electron microscope study, it was conclued that the cause of age-hardening in this alloy is the precipitation of the PdCu ordered phase, which has AuCu I type face-centered tetragonal structure. Precipetation procedure was ${\alpha}{\to}{\alpha}+{\alpha}_2+PdCu {\to}{\alpha}_1+{\alpha}_2+PdCu$ at Pd/Cu = 1.7 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy is more effective dental alloy as ageing treatment and is suitable to isothermal ageing at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.155-174
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• 2010

In many cases, street vendors are means of living and/or a solution to unemployment for low income group. Street vendors have both of positive and negative effects on traditional market revitalization. This two-sided perspective of the vendors has produced different views of interests groups. In this study, the features of street vendors are examined to present related issues, and a survey result conducted on interests groups is presented to offer effective management measures. As traditional management about street vendors are focused on crackdown, relationship between street traders and government has been not very much mutually cooperative, and at times some traders organized groups who are against government policies. With the premise admitting street vendors as one element of distribution network, it is possible to access the management measures for street vendors in organizational, quantitative or qualitative perspectives. However, I believe it is not recommendable to enforce multi-perspective approach at a time. It is because street traders still have quite strong animosity against government policies. Therefore, serious misunderstanding and side-effects on our society could be brought if the government makes hasty and forcible attempts to legalize street vendors. In political position, overreaching actions of government could hardly produce positive results because policy making and its enforcement need each of timeliness. In a similar way, government's policies for street vendors need to come into effect gradually. Management measures for street vendors can come in short-, mid- and long-term. In short-term, government should try to reduce animosity of street traders along with minimizing institutional and political pressure on them. As a mid-term solution, plans to bring vendors over to institutional boundaries by improving them are required. Last but not least, in the long term, government should design policies which are to help street vendors settle down and maintain successfully in the boundaries. Besides, policies related to street vendors need to come in effect in a way that closely connected to interests groups and businesses because those policies would get involve many interests groups and businesses in diverse perspectives.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.565-575
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma a fresh food. Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film ($100{\mu}m$, $15{\times}20cm$, $75{\pm}2cmHg$) and storaging at $2^{\circ}C$, Dungkunma was peeled out and cut to dice type ($2.0{\pm}0.5cm^3$), and then washed and blanched using hot water (at $90{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with 2% NaCl solution for 30 sec). Blanched Dungkunma was pre-dried at room temperature, $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma was packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film ($100{\mu}m$, $15{\times}20cm$) with vacuum treatment ($75{\pm}2cmHg$) and stored at $2^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at $50^{\circ}C$ (SB50) were the highest, but changes were the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly while redness increased during storage. Changes of color of SB50 was the least. Total concentration of aerobic bacteria in SB50 was $1.88{\pm}0.18log\;CFU/g$ during 90 days and E. coli was detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin contents of SB50 were virtually unchanged during the storage. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching using 2% NaCl solution could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1265-1276
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• 1998

Background : Nitric oxide(NO) is an endogenously produced free radical that plays an important role in regulating vascular tone, inhibition of platelet aggregation and white blood cell adhesion to endothelial cells, and host defense against infection. The highly reactive nature of NO with oxygen radicals suggests that it may either promote or reduce oxidant-induced cell injury in several biological pathways. Oxidant injury and interactions between pulmonary vascular endothelium and leukocytes are important in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, including acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). In ARDS, therapeutic administration of NO is a clinical condition providing exogenous NO in oxidant-induced endothelial injury. The role of exogenous NO from NO donor or the suppression of endogenous NO production was evaluated in oxidant-induced endothelial injury. Method : The oxidant injury in cultured rat lung microvascular endothelial cells(RLMVC) was induced by hydrogen peroxide generated from glucose oxidase(GO). Cell injury was evaluated by $^{51}$chromium($^{51}Cr$) release technique. NO donor, such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine(SNAP) or sodium nitroprusside(SNP), was added to the endothelial cells as a source of exogenous NO. Endogenous production of NO was suppressed with N-monomethyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA) which is an NO synthase inhibitor. L-NMMA was also used in increased endogenous NO production induced by combined stimulation with interferon-$\gamma$(INF-$\gamma$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). NO generation from NO donor or from the endothelial cells was evaluated by measuring nitrite concentration. Result : $^{51}Cr$ release was $8.7{\pm}0.5%$ in GO 5 mU/ml, $14.4{\pm}2.9%$ in GO 10 mU/ml, $32.3{\pm}2.9%$ in GO 15 mU/ml, $55.5{\pm}0.3%$ in GO 20 mU/ml and $67.8{\pm}0.9%$ in GO 30 mU/ml ; it was significantly increased in GO 15 mU/ml or higher concentrations when compared with $9.6{\pm}0.7%$ in control(p < 0.05; n=6). L-NMMA(0.5 mM) did not affect the $^{51}Cr$ release by GO. Nitrite concentration was increased to $3.9{\pm}0.3\;{\mu}M$ in culture media of RLMVC treated with INF-$\gamma$ (500 U/ml), TNF-$\alpha$(150 U/ml) and LPS($1\;{\mu}g/ml$) for 24 hours ; it was significantly suppressed by the addition of L-NMMA. The presence of L-NMMA did not affect $^{51}Cr$ release induced by GO in RLMVC pretreated with INF-$\gamma$, TNF-$\alpha$ and LPS. The increase of $^{51}Cr$ release with GO(20 mU/ml) was prevented completely by adding 100 ${\mu}M$ SNAP. But the add of SNP, potassium ferrocyanate or potassium ferricyanate did not protect the oxidant injury. Nitrite accumulation was $23{\pm}1.0\;{\mu}M$ from 100 ${\mu}M$ SNAP at 4 hours in phenol red free Hanks' balanced salt solution. But nitrite was not detectable from SNP upto 1 mM The presence of SNAP did not affect the time dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide by GO in phenol red free Hanks' balanced salt solution. Conclusion : Hydrogen peroxide generated by GO causes oxidant injury in RLMVC. Exogenous NO from NO donor prevents oxidant injury, and the protective effect may be related to the ability to release NO. These results suggest that the exogenous NO may be protective on oxidant injury to the endothelium.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.700-708
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• 1996

Electroless plating technique was utilized to flip chip bonding to improve surface mount characteristics. Each step of plating procedure was studied in terms pf pH, plating temperature and plating time. Al patterned 4 inch Si wafers were used as substrstes and zincate was used as an activation solution. Heat treatment was carried out for all the specimens in the temperature range from room temperature to $400^{\circ}C$ for $30^{\circ}C$ minutes in a vacuum furnace. Homogeneous distribution of Zn particles of size was obtained by the zincate treatment with pH 13 ~ 13.5, solution concentration of 15 ~ 25% at room temperature. The plating rates for both Ni-P and Au electroless plating steps increased with increasing the plating temperature and pH. The main crystallization planes of the plated Au were found to be (111) a pH 7 and (200) and (111) at pH 9 independent of the annealing temperature.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.797-804
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• 2006

The present study was undertaken to investigate the post-thawed survivability of bovine embryo depending on different dose of ethylene glycol and sucrose. Ovaries were collected at local slaughterhouse and the cumulus-oocyte-complexes aspirated from ovaries were in vitro matured, fertilized and cultured at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 incubator. For conventional slow-freezing, d 7 or 8 expanded blastocysts were collected. Embryos were equilibrated in 1.5 M and 1.8 M ethylene glycol(EG) with 0.1 M and 0.3 M sucrose in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline(D-PBS) supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin. Embryos were then loaded individually into 0.25ml-straw and placed directly into cooling chamber of programmable freezer precooled to 󰠏7°C, after 2 min, the straw was seeded, maintained at 󰠏7°C for 8 min, and then cooled to 󰠏35°C at 0.3°C/min, plunged and stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 3 days. For thawing, the straw containing embryos were warmed in air for 10 sec and exposed to 37°C water for 20 sec. Straws were then removed from 37°C water. Rates of blastocyst survive and hatching were evaluated at 24 to 72 h post-warming. No difference of the survivability was shown between 1.5 M and 1.8 M EG (71 and 70%, respectively). Addition of 0.1 M sucrose to 1.5 M and 1.8 M ethylene glycol in the freezing solution did not differ significantly embryo survival (74 and 77%, respectively), whereas survival rates was higher(89%) in freezing solution contained 0.3M sucrose to 1.8M EG compared with 0.3M sucrose to 1.5M EG group(71%). However, there was no difference in the overall total cell number between the two groups (122±1.8 vs 131±1.4, respectively). In conclusion, the results suggest that 0.3 M sucrose in 1.8 M EG may be optimal condition for freezing and thawing methods with in vitro produced embryos and may be applied to on-farm conditions for embryo transfer.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-275
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• 2014

It's shown how to proceed the study on Manufacturing techniques & Conservation to the Iron Pot from Cheonmachong Ancient Tomb(the 155th Tomb in Hwangnam-dong). In order to investigate manufacturing techniques of the Iron Pot, some parts of the relic were gathered. After mounting, polishing and etching on the relic, analyzing the metal microstructure was conducted. Also it's conducted a SEM-EDS analysis on the nonmetallic inclusion. White iron structure was observed in the metallurgical structure inspection, SEM-EDS analysis. It seems to be dried slowly at room temperature after casting, doesn't look as particular heat treatment to improve brittleness. It is estimated that it's as the handle seam side were verified about 3cm inch wide, 1.5 thick in center of body, so 2 separate half-completed products was cast with width-type mould. The manufacturing techniques Using white cast iron structure, width-type mould are observable to the Iron Pot excavated from Sikrichong Ancient Tomb & Hwangnamdaechong grand Ancient Tomb around those were constructed the same time. It's able to recognize that it's almost identical manufacturing techniques at that time. Conservation is generically following those are survey of pretreatment, foreign material removal, stabilization, restoration and color matching in the order. cleaning & drying were added to the process as occasion demands. The strengthening treatment were difficult with artifact's volume, low concentration Paraloid NAD-10 solution was spread two or three times with a brush, surface hardening also came up with 15wt% Paraloid NAD-10 solution after the conservation was complete. There were connection & restoration for the restoration to the damage after modeling forms that it's similar to damaged parts by using the Fiber Reinforced Plastic resins(POLYCOAT FH-245, mold laminated type). Throughout this research, capitalizing on accumulations of measurements about the production technique of Iron Pot in the time of the fifth and 6th centuries is no less important than the Iron artifact's conservation for a better study in the future.