• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2021

Antioxidative, anticoagulant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of 60% (v/v) ethanolic extract from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaves were investigated in vitro. The yield and polyphenol content of the lotus leaves extract were 35.3±1.1% and 186.2±5.2 ㎍ gallic acid equivalents/mg, respectively. The lotus leaves extract effectively scavenged free and cation radicals, and nitrite in a concentration-dependent manner, and possessed potent reducing power. The lotus leaves extract had remarkable anticoagulant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as a function of the extract concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.482-491
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• 2006

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) from substrates with various $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentationes, which were generated from piggery waste was accomplished by using anaerobic granular sludge as seeding sludge. As the result of operation, when $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios of ANAMMOX influent were 0.6~1.5, $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios were exhibited 1.19~2.07 (average 1.63). The higher influent $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios resulted in higher $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios by ANAMMOX. It means that $NO_2-N$ concentration is very important factor in ANAMMOX. Specific ammonium removal rate was constantly as $0.03{\sim}0.04gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $35^{\circ}C$ while it was $0.01gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Thus, in order to reduce the effluent N concentration, either an increase of ANAMMOX reactor HRT or more biomass accumulation at the optimal temperature can be considered.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 1994

To prove the hypothesis that NO- and N $O_2$-carrying molecules potentiate photorelaxation by generating NO, investigation was carried out using isolated rabbit and human corpus cavernosum. Corporal smooth muscle, in the presence or absence of endothelium, relaxed only slightly upon ultraviolet light (366 nm) irradiation. But, NO-and/or N $O_2$-containing compounds such as streptozotocin and $N^{G}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester significantly (p<0.01) enhanced photorelaxation in this tissue. In addition, $N^{G}$-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester, known to lack inhibitory action on NO synthase, showed concentration-dependent potentiation of the photorelaxation. Oxygen radical generating system via copper＋ascorbic acid and guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue, significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the streptozotocin-potentiated photorelaxation. Nitrite was accumulated by photolysis of streptozotocin, $N^{G}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and $N^{G}$-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester, in a concentration and exposure time dependent manner. These observations indicate that NO is a potent relaxant of rabbit and human corpus cavernosum and further support the hypothesis that NO is released by photolysis from NO- and N $O_2$-carrying molecules.lecules.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2000

The fallowing are the results of the experimental studies of Cordyceps militaris (CM) on the penile nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and the level of blood testosterone in hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats. CM was tested for the effects on activity of xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation in penis of hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats. In vitro, CM didn't effect the levels of lipid peroxide and the activity of NOS. In the penis of hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats, lipid peroxide, the activities and ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase were increased but activity of NOS and content of nitrite were decreased. In vivo, after administration of CM to hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats, levels of lipid peroxide in penis was decreased. Also, the activities and ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase were decreased, too. The body weight and concentration of testosterone in the blood were increased. The effects of Cordyceps militalis Broth did better than the effects of Cordyceps militalls Mycelia, These results suggest that CM decrease the activities of free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase which form lipid peroxide and increase the penile NOS activity and the level of blood testosterone in hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats. Conclusively, CM is capable of improving of sexual ability in hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2016

This paper reports in vitro cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and adipocyte diffentiation with adipogenic effects of coumarins inophyllum D (1) and calanone (2), and a chromanone carboxylic acid namely isocordato-oblongic acid (3) isolated from Calophyllum symingtonianum as well as a biflavonoid morelloflavone (4) isolated from Garcinia prainiana on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma RAW 264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity study on MCF-7 cell was conducted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Meanwhile, the study of anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophages and adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were conducted through nitrite determination assay and induction of adipocyte differentiation, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, inophyllum D (1) was the only compounds that exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cell with $IC_{50}$ of $84{\mu}g/mL$. Further, all by inhibiting the compounds have shown anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages of nitrite concentration with production. In addition, the compounds also exhibited adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by stimulating lipid formation. Thus, this study may provide significant input in discovery of the potential effects cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and adipogenic agents.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Background: Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley was investigated as a potential natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The yields from Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley water and ethanol extract were 17.69% and 25.77%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley extracts was confirmed by various methods including assayss of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitrite radical scavenging, and $Fe^{3+}$ to $Fe^{2+}$ reducing power activity. The ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley showed improved DPPH, ABTS and nitrite radical scavenging activity compared with the water extract. After treatment of RAW264.7 cells with Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley ethanol extracts, the cell viability compared with the control was 92.82%, even at a concentration of $3,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The ethanol extract inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with $H_2O_2$, even at low concentrations. In addition, the ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that the extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 1998

The determination of inorganic anions by capillary zone electrophoresis is reported. A ten component synthetic mixture of anions of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, perchlorate, chlorate and chlorite was separated by the capillary column and detected by indirect UV method. The running buffer contained 5 mM ammonium dichromate, 10 mM ammonium acetate, 20 mM diethylenetriamine, 10% methanol solution at pH 9.3. A potential of 15 kV at the cathode (reversed polarity) was utilized for the separation of inorganic anions. A complete separation of anions was achieved in less then 10 min and the applicabilities of the method for the analysis of real samples was demonstrated. We compare the concentration of anions in toluene inhaled humen's urine and in postmortem bloods obtained by capillary zone electrophoresis and ion chromatograph.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.79-84
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• 2016

Objective : Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Fruit (NF) has been used as a conventional medicine to treat inflammatory peridontal diseases in Myanmar and Eastern Asia. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of NF aqueous extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses was not well-investigated. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of NF on LPS-induced inflammatory responses on RAW 264.7 cells.Methods : To induce inflammation on the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 500 ng/mL of LPS. Water extracts of NF was treated 1 h prior to treatment of LPS. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Production of nitrite was measured with Griess assay and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukine (IL)-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, we examined the inhibitory mechanisms of NF by western blot and immunocytochemistry.Result : Water Extract from NF itself did not have any cytotoxic effect at the concentration of 200 ㎍/ml in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of NF inhibited the production of nitrite, and pro-inflammatory cytokines inlcuding IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose dependant. In addition, NF treatment inhibited the LPS-induced activation and translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB.Conclusion : In summary, our result suggest that treatment of NF could reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory responses via deactivation of NF-κB. This study could suggest that NF could be a beneficial drug or agent to prevent inflammation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2011

Objectives: Organic matter and nitrogen were removed using the EGSB process, a high-rate anaerobic process, in combination with a nitritation-denitritation process, in order to ensure the stable treatment of seafood processing wastewater. Methods: The upflow velocity of an EGGS reactor was operated at 10 m/hr for maximal organics removal efficiency. For removal of nitrogen from seafood processing wastewater a nitritation-denitriation process was applied Results: The efficiency of the EGSB process showed that it has an 80% or more organic matter (CODcr) removal efficiency with an HRT of six hours or more at influent loadings of 17.34 kgCOD/$m^3$/day or less. The methane product for TCODcr removal was 0.23-0.38 $m^3CH_4$/kgCODrem., which was similar to the theoretical generation of STP-state methane, 0.35 $m^3CH_4$/kgTCODrem. In the nitritation-denitritation process, the nitritation conversion rate to $NH_4^+$-N concentration was 82% to 87%, 72% to 81% and 64% to 69% when HRT was 24 hr, 21 hr and 18 hr, respectively. In the denitritation process, the ratio of SCOD consumption to NOx-N removal ranged from 2.347 to 2.587. It was 2.472 on average. Conclusions: The optimal HRT for stable processing of seafood processing wastewater is six hours or more. The ratio of nitrite to total NOx-N was 82% to 96%, which indicates that nitrite accounts for the largest portion of the product.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.472-481
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess red beet as a natural colorant in emulsified pork sausage and to investigate the effect of red beet on quality characteristics of emulsified pork sausage during 20 d of cold storage. Red beet was prepared as a powder and a substitute with sodium nitrite at 0.5% and 1.0% levels in emulsified pork sausage. Red beet significantly increased the moisture content and pH (p<0.0001) and affected color traits. Lightness of emulsified pork sausage decreased by the addition of red beet powder (p<0.01), whereas lightness with red beet treatments slightly increased during 20 d of cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Redness dramatically increased with red beet powder (p<0.0001). Color by sensory evaluation also showed a significant effect from red beet addition (p<0.05), whereas the other sensory properties such as flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were not affected by the addition of red beet powder (p>0.05). Texture and 2-thiobabituric acid reactive substance were also not affected by red beet addition (p>0.05). Therefore, red beet could be a good natural colorant in emulsified pork sausage but it needs additional processing, such as betalain concentration and extraction as a juice, to be used as an antioxidant in meat products.