• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 1999

Purpose: N-(3-[$^{18}F$]Fluoropropyl)-$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT) has been shown to be very useful for imaging the dopamine transporter. However, synthesis of this radiotracer is somewhat troublesome. In this study, we used a new method for the preparation of [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT to increase radiochemical yield and effective specific activity. Materials and Methods: [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT was prepared by N-alkylation of nor-${\beta}$-CIT (2 mg) with 3-bromo-1-[$^{18}F$]fluoropropane in the presence of $Et_3N$ (5-6 drops of $DMF/CH_3CN$, $140^{\circ}C$, 20 min). 3-Bromo-1-[$^{18}F$]fluoropropane was synthesized from $5{\mu}L$ of 3-bromo-1-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxypropane (3-bromopropyl-1-triflate) and $nBu_4N^{18}F$ at $80^{\circ}C$. The final compound was purified by reverse phase HPLC and formulated in 13% ethanol in saline. Results: 3-Bromo-1-[$^{18}F$]fluoropropane was obtained from 3-bromopropyl-1-triflate and $nBu_4N^{18}F$ in 77-80% yield. N-Alkylation of nor-${\beta}$-CIT with 3-bromo-1-[$^{18}F$]fluoropropane was carried out at $140^{\circ}C$ using acetonitrile containing a small volume of DMF as the solvents. The overall yield of [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT was 5-10% (decay-corrected) with a radiochemical purity higher than 99% and effective specific activity higher than the one reported in the literature based on their HPLC data. The final [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT solution had the optimal pH (7.0) and it was pyrogen-free. Conclusion: In this study, 3-bromopropyl-1-triflate was used as the precursor for the [$^{18}F$]fluorination reaction and new conditions were developed for purification of [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT by HPLC. We established this new method for the preparation of [$^{18}F$]FP-CIT, which gave high effective specific activity and relatively good yield.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.183-197
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• 1997

In order to detect the safety and effect of various aqua-acupunctures from Scutellariae Radix, the modifications of boiling, filtration and dilution were employed for the manufacture of aqua-acupunctures. We injected 0.2cc of aqua-acupunctures into Joksamri (足三里) of rat, repeatedly. We compared subacute toxicity of them with saline group, distilled water(D.W.) group, acupuncture group and control group. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The groups were all healthy and alive, and there was no special abnormality in physical condition and autopsy. And there were not any toxic symptoms in repeating application of aqua-acupunctures to the rat, including changes of body weight, organ weight, haematological examination and serum biochemical test. 2. There was slight change of body weight in acupuncture group : We could see significance after 3 days(p<0.05) and after 7 days(p<0.001) in body weight loss. After 9 days, all tested groups were suppressed in body weight increment. 3. Result of organ weight : In Palkang aqua-acupuncture(D-2 group), saline group and acupuncture group there were some statistical significance. Especially, acupuncture group revealed significant result in liver and spleen than aqua-acupunctures. From this result, we could suggest that the efficacy of acupuncture was preceded herbal medicine. 4. In serum biochemical test, we examined glucose(GLU), triglyceride(TG) and cholesterol(CHOL). In comparison with control group, the diluted 10 times of Hwanggum aqua-aqupuncture$({\times}10\;group)$ was recognized significant decrease of glucose, but the diluted 100 times of Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture$({\times}100\;group)$, D-2 group, saline group were confirmed significant increment. There was not any meaningful change of CHOL in all of tested group, excepting the acupuncture group was exhibited statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). In TG level all tested group except complex injection of standard compound(CPA group) and HG, there were significant value iii statistically. The diluted solution was more significant decrease than Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture(HG). The mutual relationship of components of aqua-acupunture tended to decrease level of TG, regardless of its concentration. In acupunture guoup, we gained some interesting result In meaningful decrease in 7G. 5. Haematological examination showed significant increment of granulocytes(GR) in all tested groups except Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture. And the diluted solutions of HG expressed very high increment of them(p<0.001). The GR and Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV) of acupuncture group showed statistical significance.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) on the vase life of cut rose 'Beast' (Rosa hybrida L.). Postharvest treatments to extend the vase life of cut roses were divided into two: holding solution treatment and pulsing solution treatment. In holding solution treatment, the cut roses were treated with preservative solutions containing tap water (TW, control), distilled water (DW), $ClO_2$ 2, 4, 6, and $8{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$, and compared with a commercialized antimicrobial compound of 8-HQS $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$. In pulsing solution treatment, cut roses were dipped into the $ClO_2$ solutions of 50, 100, 150, 200, and $250{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 60 seconds and were placed in DW. The air temperature was $18.4^{\circ}C$, RH 51.5%, and light (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) $3.6{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ with 12 hour day length. The longest vase life of cut roses was observed in the holding solution with $ClO_2$ $4{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ as 13.8 days and pulsing with $200-250{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ as 13.5-13.7 days, where vase life were extended four days longer than TW. Whereas, the inclusion of 8-HQS $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in vase solution resulted in phytotoxicity. The relative fresh weight and water uptake have similar tendencies. Bacteria inhibition by $ClO_2$ and 8-HQS were very effective. But bacteria at TW and DW treatments on cut flower with stem were detected in $3.7{\times}10^5CFU{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $6.3{\times}10^5CFU{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively (without stem in DW $1.4{\times}10^4CFU{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The $ClO_2$ contents in holding solution of all treatments were scavenged in two-four days after treatment. This study indicated that $ClO_2$ $4{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ holding solution treatment and $200-250{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ pulsing solution treatment can be applied to extend the postharvest life of cut roses.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1 s.28
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• pp.17-25
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• 1981

No evidence has accumulated that lead compound is an essential component for biological function in animals. Lead is absorbed primarily through the epithelial mucosal cells in duodenum and the absorption can be enhanced by the substances which bind lead and increase its solubility. Iron, zinc and calcium ions, however, decrease the absorption of lead without affecting its solubility, probably by competing for shared absorptive receptors in the intestinal mucosa. Therefore, the absorption of lead is increased in iron deficient animals. Lead shows a strong affinity for ligands such as phosphate, cysteinyl and histidyl side chains of proteins, pterins and porphyrins. Hence lead can act on various active sites of enzymes, inhibiting the enzymes which has functional sulfhydryl groups. lead inhibits the activity of ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase for the biosynthesis of hemoproteins and cytochrome, which catalyzed the synthesis of monopyrrole prophobilinogen from ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid. Accordingly lead decrease hepatic cytochrome p-450 content, resulting an inhibition of the activity of demethylase and hydroxylase in liver. Little informations are available on the effect of lead on digestive system although the catastrophic effects of lead intoxication are well documented. The present study was, therefore, attempted to investigate the effect of lead on pancreaticobiliary secretion in rats. Albino rats of both sexes weighing $170{\sim}230g$ were used for this study. The animals were divided into one control and three treated groups, i.e., control (physiologic saline 1.5ml/kg i.p.), lead acetate $(l0{\mu}mole/kg/day\;i.p.)$, $Pb(Ac)_2$ and EDTA$(each\;10{\mu}mole/kg/day\;i.p.)$, $Pb(Ac)_2$ and $FeSO_4(each\;l0{\mu}mole/kg/day\;hp)$. The pancreatico-biliary juice was collected under urethane anesthesia, and activities of amylase and lipase were determined by employing Sumner's and Cherry and Crandall's methods. The summarized results are follows. 1) In the experiment for acute toxicity of lead acetate, 20% of mortality was observed in rat treated with lead acetate as well as inhibition of the activity of amylase in the juice at the 3 rd day of the treatment. 2) No increases in body weight were observed in rats treated with lead acetate, while in control group the significant increases were observed. However, the body weights of animals were increased in the group lead acetate plus EDTA or $FeSO_4$. 3) Lead acetate decreased significantly the volume of pancreatico-biliary juice whereas additional treatment of EDTA and $FeSO_4$ prevented it. 4) Total activity of amylase was markedly reduced due to lead acetate treatment, but no change was showed following additional treatment with EDTA and $FeSO_4$. 5) No changes in the cholate and lipase output were observed in rats treated with lead acetate as compared with that of control rats. 6) Increase in bilirubin output in rats treated with lead acetate was shown on the 2nd and 3rd weeks treatment. 7) In the case of in vitro experiment, lead acetate also markedly inhibited release of amylase from pancreatic fragment. 8) Histologic finding indicated that acini vacuolation was induced in the pancreatic tissue of rat treated with lead acete. From the above results, it might be concluded that lead acetate decreases the volume of pancreatico-biliary secretion and inhibits the amylase activity, by acting directly on pancreatic cells.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2017

Purpose: Ni-Cr alloy does not contain Beryllium, causing the metal compound to form oxides in the furnace but by using Titanium as a chemical catalyst the forming of the oxides can be controlled, and by controlling the impurities formed on the metal surface, the possibility of the Ni-Cr alloy bond strength being increased can be analysed. Materials and Methods: Titanium was used as a chemical catalyst in the porcelain for the oxidation of beryllium-free metal (Ni-Cr) alloy. The T1 group, which does not use Titanium power as a chemical catalyst is a reference model for comparison. The T2 group and T3 group used 10 g and 20 g of Titanium power, respectively. They are fabricated to observe the shear bond strength and surface properties. There was no significance when One-way ANOVA analysis/Tukey Honestly Significant Difference Test was conducted for statistical analysis among groups (P > 0.05). Results: Results of measuring the three-point flexural bond strength of the Ni-Cr alloy and thickness of the oxide film. Experiment T3 using 20 g Titanium chemical catalyst: $39.22{\pm}3.41MPa$ and $6.66{\mu}m$, having the highest bond strength and thinness of oxide film. Experiment T2 using 10 g Titanium chemical catalyst: $34.65{\pm}1.39MPa$ and $13.22{\mu}m$. Experiment T1 using no Titanium chemical catalyst: $32.37{\pm}1.91MPa$ and $22.22{\mu}m$. Conclusion: The T2 and T3 experiments using Titanium chemical catalyst showed higher bond strength for the Ni-Cr alloy and lower thickness of oxide film than experiment T1, and the titanium catalyst being able to increase bond strength was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.879-884
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• 2009

Allium tuberosum Rotter (Liliaceae, Chinese chives) is a perennial herb of which leaves are used for food. This study investigated the effect of pretreatment on quality of dehydrated Chinese chives. Chinese chives was blanched at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 sec, followed by drying at $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, or drying at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$. Optimum drying temperature and time was $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$. These conditions were shortened time for dehydration and showed smaller decrease than others in Hunter color L, a, b. Dehydrated Chinese chives showed a constant decrease in greenness with storage, probably due to destruction of chlorophyll by light. In the measurement of Hunter color L, a, b, these conditions showed smaller decrease than others in Hunter color for 15 week storage. Chlorophyll content and SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activity in that condition was higher than others. It was assumed that a phenolic compound that forms its thermostable activity. The fitness of drying models was conducted in order to explain reducing chlorophyll loss and SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activity loss. Based upon the chlorophyll content, SOD-like activity, and retention of green color of the vegetable, optimum drying conditions was $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min followed by $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.759-764
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• 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are valuable therapeutic targets for the regulation of diabetic complications. Activity-guided isolation of the ethylacetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of 70% ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Ainsliaea acerifolia was performed, followed by AGE formation inhibition assay for the characterization of four dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives of a previously known structure, methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinate (1), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2), 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3), and methyl 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinate (4). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, $^1H-$, $^{13}C-NMR$, two-dimensional NMR) and mass spectroscopic data. Among the isolates, the major secondary metabolites, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3) showed the most potent inhibitory effects against AGE formation with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.6{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$ and $0.4{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$, respectively. Furthermore, all isolated dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical, and compound 3 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner. This result suggests that the caffeoylquinic acid dimers isolated from A. acerifolia might be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic complications and related diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 1977

In order to study the baking properties of various composite flours, naked barley flour, corn flour, potato flour, and sweet potato flour were added to the hard wheat flour respectively in a ratio of 3 : 7. Using above composite flours, effects of glyceryl monosterate (GMS), sodium stearyl lactylate (SSL), calcium stearyl lactylate (CSL), xanthan gum (XG) and polysaccharide (PS) were also examined in terms of sedimentation test, viscosity by amylograph and baking test. The results are as follows: 1) Sedimentation value decreased in the order of hard wheat flour (58), corn flour (47), potato flour (46), sweet potato flour (33). and barley flour (23). Significant effects of additives were observed for all of flours as well as for the composite flours. The most prominant result of additives was obtained with the composite flour of barley and wheat. Among the additives, mixtures of GMS and SSL at 1% final concentration and that of GMS and SSL at the same concentration increased the sedimentation value considerably. No sedimentation measurement, however, was possible for XG since the compound was precipitated by acid during experiment of sedimentation. 2) Effects of additives on the viscosity were determined by amylograph. The mixtures of GMS 1%+SSL 1% and GMS 1%+CSL 1% increased gelatinization point,maximum viscosity and cooling viscosity. GMS 1%+XG 1% or GMS 1%+PS 1% showed less effects. 3) GMS 1%+CSL 0.5% increased the specific loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flour of naked barley and wheat, and appearance, taste and texture of the product were very similar to those of the standard bread produced from wheat flour. GMS 1%+SSL 0.5%, however, increased the loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flours of corn, potato and sweet potato, and wheat. No effects were obtained with XG and PS, except slight improvement of the texture of bread. 4) No specific loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flour of barley and wheat was increased when 1% of SSL, CSL, XG or PS was used separately.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.705-715
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• 2010

The adoption of carbon foot print system is being activated mostly in the developed countries as one of the long-term response towards tightened up regulations and standards on carbon emission in the agricultural sector. The Korean Ministry of Environment excluded the primary agricultural products from the carbon foot print system due to lack of LCI (life cycle inventory) database in agriculture. Therefore, the research on and establishment of LCI database in the agriculture for adoption of carbon foot print system is urgent. Development of LCA (life cycle assessment) methodology for application of LCA to agricultural environment in Korea is also very important. Application of LCA methodology to agricultural environment in Korea is an early stage. Therefore, this study was carried out to find out the effect of lettuce cultivation on agricultural environment by establishing LCA methodology. Data collection of agricultural input and output for establishing LCI was carried out by collecting statistical data and documents on income from agro and livestock products prepared by RDA. LCA methodology for agriculture was reviewed by investigating LCA methodology and LCA applications of foreign countries. Results based on 1 kg of lettuce production showed that inputs including N, P, organic fertilizers, compound fertilizers and crop protectants were the main sources of major emission factor during lettuce cropping process. The amount of inputs considering the amount of active ingredients was required to estimate the actual quantity of the inputs used. Major emissions due to agricultural activities were $N_2O$ (emission to air) and ${NO_3}^-$/${PO_4}^-$ (emission to water) from fertilizers, organic compounds from pesticides and air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion in using agricultural machines. The softwares for LCIA (life cycle impact assessment) and LCA used in Korea are 'PASS' and 'TOTAL' which have been developed by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and the Ministry of Environment. However, the models used for the softwares are the ones developed in foreign countries. In the future, development of models and optimization of factors for characterization, normalization and weighting suitable to Korean agricultural environment need to be done for more precise LCA analysis in the agricultural area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.8-19
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• 1989

The proportion of imported wood has been now over 80% of raw materials needed in the wood industry, and therefore, many of studies on the substitution of domestic wood for imported wood and on the increasing the utilization rate of domestic species have been attempted and considered as very important projects to solve. But these trials were practically restricted by several disadvantages of domestic species. such as a small diameter, variety of species, and irregularity of wood physical or chemical characteristics, etc. From a this point of view, this study was carried out to investigate solid wood bending properties of sample trees and then to develop their end uses. The species of sample trees were Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus rigida Mill., and Larix leptolepis Gord. which have large growing stocks but Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis have not been used well because of their poor qualities. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid wood bending processing of Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, and Larix leptolepis are showed in Table 6. 2. The minimum solid-bending radii of Pinus densifjora, Pinus rigida, and Larix ieptolepls were 260mm, 240mm, and 300mm, respectively in steaming treatment.