• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2002

The study was conducted to investigate the changes of soil properties and evaluation of plant utilization according to the application of compost used with phyllite. At this experiment, the plant cultivation test(lettuce and radish plant) was carried out to know about physico-chemical properties of compost, humus degradarion and stabilization degree, and some effects among rhe treatments were best at 20Mg/ha in PSPC 10(Phyllite, Saw dust, Pig manure Compost) plots and ar 10Mg/ha in PSPC 20 treatments, respectively. The EC value was high in the compost. Therefore the EC was appeared more than 2ds/m at the applied 40Mg/ha with compost. And in case of lettuce, Avail.-$P_2O_5$ and EC were more increased than in the radish plots, highly. In contrast, in case of radish, Toral-N, Total-C, and EC contents were decreased after plant cultivation. That is, it could know that radish was fond of absorprion of nitrogen. Also, BD values of soil physical properties were decreased according to increasing of phyllite addition ratio, however water holding capacity(WHC) was increased. The plant test had not been darnaged through the application of compost used with phyllite in soil and there had not been worse on changing of soil physico-chemical properties. Consequently, phyllite composts have been thought on agricultural utilized possibility.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 1976

In order to utilize the agricultural waste products, two strains of mold producing powerful cellulolytic enzyme were sereened from various soils, composts, rotten wood and others. The optimum condition of cellulase production was studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Two strains of mold which showed remarkably high cellulolytic activity were identified as Aspergillus niger-SM 6 and Trichoderma viride-SM 10. 2. The highest cellulase production was obtained at pH 5.0-6.0 in 5 days. 3. Cellulase production in strain Aspergillus niger-SM 6 increased with the addition of C.M.C., $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, C.S.L., orange peel powder and rice hull. The rice hull, treated with 3N NaOH at $120^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. and neutralized with various acids, was used. Up to 50% of wheat bran could be substituted by the treated rice hull without any decrease of cellulase activity. 4. In the strain of Trichoderma viride-SM 10, cellulase production increased with the addition of C.M.C., $NH_4NO_3$, Vitamin-free casamino acid and orange peel powder, while the other carbon, nitrogen, phosphate sources, natural nutrients and organic substances gave no remarkable effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.130-137
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• 2012

This study has conducted to develop new gabion wall systems with vegetation base materials for stream bank stability and rapid rehabilitation. Vegetation base materials are primarily compounded with fine soil, organic composts and peat moss as plant fibers, a water retainer and a soil improver. Normally gabion wall systems resist the lateral earth pressures or stream power by their own weight. Therefore, fill material must have suitable weight, compressive strength and durability to resist the loading, as well as the effects of water and weathering. In this project, 100 to 200-mm clean, hard stones are basically specified, and about 50-mm rubbles are also used. Test application of new gabion wall system carried out in the stream bank of a small stream in the Gwangreung experimental forest, belonging to Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in December 16th, 2006. As a result of the analysis of hydraulic stability of new gabion wall system, gabion wall system has highest threshold shear stress when the gabion wall covered by vegetation. New gabion wall system is highly resistant to sliding and overturning because safety coefficients exceed 1.5. As a result of term of slope stability analysis of new gabion wall system by Bishop and Fellenius methods, stability of stream bank was highly increased after the construction of gabion wall. Therefore, new gabion wall system is effective to stabilize unstable stream bank.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the densities and taxonomic characteristics of various microorganisms that play important roles in Agaricus bisporus culture medium composting, and examined changes in the levels of decomposition-related enzymes secreted by these microorganisms. Various microorganisms such as thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., and filamentous bacteria are closely associated with culture medium composts of Agaricus bisporus. The population densities of microorganisms change, and harmful bacteria disappear during thermophilic composting. Psychrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. accounted for the highest proportion of bacteria in the culture media during outdoor composting, whereas Bacillus sp. and Psychrobacillus sp. were dominant after pasteurization. Cellulose and hemicellulose enzymes of the microorganisms were important at an early stage of rice straw composting and after decomposition of carbon sources, respectively. Microorganisms that secreted these enzymes were present in the second and third turning stage of composting.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1998

The total amount of dry matter for the green manure crops was great wheat> rye> barley> Italian ryegrass in that order. The green manure crope were verified to have the reducing effect of injury of successive croppingin peper, mainly reducing the occurance of the most important pepper disease, Phytophthora capsisi, and enhancing the pepper quality in the fruit length and diameter. The direct seeding using current commercial pepper variety was proved as not economical one. In the first year of compost application, the growth and yield of red pepper were rather somewhat decreasing compared with those of check plot applied with organic fertilizers. compst application increased the content of organic matter in soil, which suggested compost could be applied for the sustainable purposes. In preference analysis about taking the new technique, the smaller farmer's cultivation area the more they wanted to accept the LISA farming, compared with the conventional one, could be possible to save 12% in the inorganic fertilizer expenses but wasted 412% ant 163% in both organic fertilizer and operator labor expenses, respectively. At the same time, the LISA decreased 15% in production cost but increased 225% and 139% in organic fertilizer quantity and operator labor hours. Since there was a great deal of difference in technological and economic factors from two farming methods, LISA multi-goal decision modeling is further required.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

To investigate the influence of long-term organic cultivation on soil characteristics, chemical properties of 35 soils in the national scale organically managed over 10 years were analyzed. 57% of soils which were managed by the materials containing livestock manure have higher nutrient concentration than the materials not containing livestock manure. The decomposed composts (containing livestock manure) had higher amount of $P_2O_5$, CaO, $K_2O$ than organic fertilizers (not containing livestock manure). In the results, the nutrient concentration of soils in long-term organically managed was higher than optimum range of upland soil, especially pH 6.9, available phosphorus (Av. $P_2O_5$) 744 mg/kg, exchangeable calcium $9.4cmol_c/kg$, potassium 2.51 cmolc/kg. On the other hand, more than 50% of soils had lower concentration of exchangeable magnesium than optimum range (soil nutrient distribution was unbalanced). It is suggested that farmers have to be careful to apply organic materials, especially containing livestock manure.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2001

High salt content in food waste limit use as the potential source of compost. Since sodium chloride content should be lower than one percent to meet requirement for agricultural use of compost, we attempted use of three kinds of co-composting material for food wastes compost, which were fermented, dried, and fresh types of amendments which included pig manure, sawdust and puffed rice hull. Food wastes were composted well and stabilized after around the 40th days of composting. Little difference were found between composts amended sawdust and puffed rice hull. The result indicated that puffed rice hull could be used as a good alternative of sawdust. Because sawdust or puffed rice hull were mixed as amendments to control water contents and to dilute high NaCl content of compost material, the C/N ratios of the final products were significantly high over 40. However, NaCl contents of final products were dropped to less than percent on the fresh weight basis by mixing food wastes and the above amendments with the optimum rates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 1999

Changes of chemico-physical properties and mturitiy during pig manure composting were analysed using three kinds of bulking agents with rice hull(T1), rice hull and extruding hull mixture (T2, 1:1, v/v), and extruding hull(T3). During composting process, temperature of T1, T2 and T3 were maintained over $50^{\circ}C$ for 31, 21, and 35 days respectively. Organic matter content of each treatment was decreased from 82.2%, 82.0%, and 82.8% to 70.5%, 68.9% and 69.7% and pH increased to 8.85, 9.91, and 8.80, respectively. Total nitrogen content of all treatments gradually decreased, but C/N ratio, phosphorous, and potassium content did not, show any changes during composting process. Both germination rate and early growth were tested using radish seeds for composting maturity. From those results, it was concluded that all treatments were stabilized after 45th day and extruding hull(T3) added compost was superior to others. The test of suppressive effect showed that all treatment have no effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria altemata, Botrytis cinerea. Compost supplemented with rice hull showed an inhibitory effect after 30th days, while compost supplemented with rice hull and extruding hull(T2) had an inhibitory effect during all period against Rhizoctonia solani. But treatment with extruding hull(T3) added compost did not have any inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani. Only 63th samples in T1 and T2 treatment showed inhibitory effect against Colletoerichum gloeosporioides. However, T3 did not. Suppressive effect of extracts from 67 kinds of composts was investigated in vitro against plant pathogens, such as Fusauum oxysporum. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeospoioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea. Thirty two of them showed inhibitory effect against more than one phytopathogen, nine against one pathogen, four against two, six against three, six against four, and seven against five.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

The discharge of waste nutrient solution from greenhouse to natural ecosystem leads to the accumulation of excess nutrients that results in contamination or eutrophication. There is a need to recycle the waste nutrient solution in order to prevent the environmental hazards. The amount and kind of nutrients in waste nutrient solution might be enough to grow photosynthetic microorganisms. Hence in the present study, we examined the growth and mass cultivation of cyanobacteria in the waste nutrient solution with an objective of removing N and P and concomitantly, its mass cultivation. Four photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena HA101, HA701 and Nostoc HN601, HN701) isolated from composts and soils of the Chungnam province were used as culture strains. Among the isolates, Nostoc HN601 performed faster growth rate and higher N and P uptake in the BG-II ($NO_3{^-}$) medium when compared to those of other cyanobacterial strains. Finally, the selected isolate was tested under optimum conditions (airflow at the rate of $1L\;min^{-1}$. in 15 L reactor, initial pH 8) in waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponic in green house condition. Results showed to remove 100% phosphate from the waste nutrient solution in the tomato hydroponics recorded over a period of 7 days. The growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was $16mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in the waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponics with optimum condition, whereas growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was only $9.8mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in BG-11 media. Nitrogen fixing capacity of Nostoc HN601 was $20.9nmol\;C_2H_4\;mg^{-1}\;Chl-a\;h^{-1}$ in N-free BG-11. The total nitrogen and total phosphate concentration of Nostoc HN601 were 63.3 mg N gram dry weight $(GDW)^{-1}$ and $19.1mg\;P\;GDW^{-1}$ respectively. Collectively, cyanobacterial mass production using waste nutrient solution under green house condition might be suitable for recycling and cleaning of waste nutrient solution from hydroponic culture system. Biomass of cyanobacteria, cultivated in waste nutrient solution, could be used as biofertilizer.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2009

Food waste has been actively used as a composting material in order to reduce the environmental pollution load and to enhance the recycling of resources. In this study, the longterm effects of continuous application of food waste compost to soils on both the crop production and the soil properties were examined to ensure the safety of food waste compost in agricultural use. In addition, we collected the preliminary data for establishing standard application rate of food waste compost for agricultural utilization. Based on conventional nitrogen application rate of chemical fertilizer for crop cultivation, pig manure compost $(24g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $10.4g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1})$ and food waste compost ($20g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $20.1g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $6.5g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$) were applied to the upland soil in $2{\times}2{\times}2m$ lysimeter in which lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis), red pepper (Capsicum annuum), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) were grown continuously. The crops grown in soils to which food waste compost applied showed better growth responses than the control, whereas some variations were observed in the crops grown in chemical fertilizer treated soils. Continuous application of food waste compost increased the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which resulted in improving soil aeration.