• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.12-20
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• 2013

Objectives: This study compared Gumiganghwal-tang (GGT) decoctions produced using different pressure levels for various extraction times to determine the optimal extraction conditions through hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total soluble solids content (TSSC), extraction yield, and content of chemical compounds. Methods: Decoctions were prepared by the pressure levels of 0 or $1kgf/cm^2$ for 30-180 min. The pH and TSSC were measured, the extraction yield was calculated, and the amounts of the chemical compounds were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The higher pressure and longer extraction time decreased the pH value, while those conditions increased TSSC and extraction yield: the decoction produced in 180 min by pressurized method showed the minimum value of pH, but maximum values of TSSC and extraction yield. The chemical compounds showed higher amounts in decoctions produced by non-pressurized methods than pressurized methods and their amounts were decreased over the peak extraction time in both pressurized and non-pressurized methods. The results of regression analysis confirmed the correlative influences of the pressure and extraction time on pH, TSSC, and extraction yield. Conclusions: This study suggests that pressure and extraction time influence the compositional constituents in GGT decoctions, and the non-pressurized method for 120 min should be chosen as the optimal extraction condition for the preparation of GGT decoction.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.381-395
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of self concept of children consumers on consumption propensity of online items according to gender by considering that self, which means a thought on ownself, is expressed as online items in cyber space. Totally, 760 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 716 ones were finally used as data for analysis in this study. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 14.0 and factorial analysis, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, t-test, cross tabulation analysis and multiple regression were conducted. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. First, the factorial analysis performed to examine types of self concept found four factorial structures - justness, social, academic and family self. In addition, the factorial analysis done to determine compositional factors of irrational consumption propensity of children consumers showed three factorial structures - impulse buying, conspicuous consumption and imitative consumption. When the effects of personal variables, item-transaction variables and self concept on irrational consumption propensity of children consumers were investigated according to gender, significant factors affecting consumption propensity of both of the males and females were a monthly pocket money, time using the Internet and major transaction items. In addition, parents' permission for purchasing items, justness self and family self were found to be variables affecting consumption propensity in the male children. On the contrary, self concept of female children did not affect irrational consumption propensity.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.24-37
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• 2021

[Purpose] To determine whether physical activity (PA), primarily the recommended 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA, is associated with gut bacterial microbiota in 10-year-old children. [Methods] The Block Physical Activity Screener, which provides minutes/day PA variables, was used to determine whether the child met the PA recommendations. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on stool samples from the children to profile the composition of their gut bacterial microbiota. Differences in alpha diversity metrics (richness, Pielou's evenness, and Faith's phylogenetic diversity) by PA were determined using linear regression, whereas beta diversity (unweighted and weighted UniFrac) relationships were assessed using PERMANOVA. Taxon relative abundance differentials were determined using DESeq2. [Results] The analytic sample included 321 children with both PA and 16S rRNA sequencing data (mean age [SD] =10.2 [0.8] years; 54.2% male; 62.9% African American), where 189 (58.9%) met the PA recommendations. After adjusting for covariates, meeting the PA recommendations as well as minutes/day PA variables were not significantly associated with gut richness, evenness, or diversity (p ≥ 0.19). However, meeting the PA recommendations (weighted UniFrac R² = 0.014, p = 0.001) was significantly associated with distinct gut bacterial composition. These compositional differences were partly characterized by increased abundance of Megamonas and Anaerovorax as well as specific Christensenellaceae_R-7_group taxa in children with higher PA. [Conclusion] Children who met the recommendations of PA had altered gut microbiota compositions. Whether this translates to a reduced risk of obesity or associated metabolic diseases is still unclear.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2023

The subsistence economics of the early Bronze Age has focused on explaining the intensity of agricultural practices without sufficiently taking into account the diversity of production methods that may arise from cultural types or environmental factors. The problem appears to stem from paying insufficient attention to the question whether we should understand the transition from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as continuous or discrete. This has hitherto blocked an avenue to investigate the gradual changes in subsistence resource production methods. Taking as its premise that changes in the production methods of subsistence resources in the Bronze Age have been continuous and gradual, this paper seeks to restore the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of factors that may have influenced the early Bronze Age production method. With diverse cultural patterns and ecological spaces of the early Bronze Age being confirmed, the work of restoring the production methods of subsistence resources in a specific period is difficult to achieve with one or two stand-alone analyses. A more appropriate method would involve separating a number of different aspects related to the production of subsistence resources, analyzing and interpreting each, and in the final stage, synthesizing the analyses. The specific research method employed in this paper checked for compositional differences in stone production tools, functionally categorized according to a variety of factors that have a close relationship with the production of subsistence resources: cultural-environmental factors and cultural patterns, geographical and topographical factors, soil productivity, and size of settlement. The results of the analysis are as follows: for the early Bronze Age production pattern of subsistence resources in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, while no substantive differences were observed with respect to cultural type, geographical and topographical location, the results show statistically significant differences in the composition of production tools according to settlement size and soil productivity. Also, with an increasing ratio of settlement size and total production soil, increases in hunting and armoring tools, woodworking tools, and harvesting tools were observed; on the other hand, when it came to the ratio of fishing tools, the opposite relationship was observed. While a correlation between settlement size or crop cultivation productivity and dependence on hunting or farming was expected, the results of the regression analysis show that settlement size and soil productivity ratios do not have mutually significant relationships. The results thus illustrate that patterns of production differ according to a variety of factors, and no single factor is decisive in the adoption of subsistence resource production methods by a specific settlement. Therefore, the paper emphasizes the need to investigate the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of cultural and environmental factors that make up settlements in early Bronze Age society.