• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.789-800
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• 2021

Objective: Conservation and genetic improvement of cattle breeds require information about genetic diversity and population structure of the cattle. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the three cattle breeds in the Korean peninsula. Methods: Jeju Black, Hanwoo, Holstein cattle in Korea, together with six foreign breeds were examined. Genetic diversity within the cattle breeds was analyzed with minor allele frequency (MAF), observed and expected heterozygosity (HO and HE), inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and past effective population size. Molecular variance and population structure between the nine breeds were analyzed using a model-based clustering method. Genetic distances between breeds were evaluated with Nei's genetic distance and Weir and Cockerham's FST. Results: Our results revealed that Jeju Black cattle had lowest level of heterozygosity (HE = 0.21) among the studied taurine breeds, and an average MAF of 0.16. The level of inbreeding was -0.076 for Jeju Black, while -0.018 to -0.118 for the other breeds. Principle component analysis and neighbor-joining tree showed a clear separation of Jeju Black cattle from other local (Hanwoo and Japanese cattle) and taurine/indicine cattle breeds in evolutionary process, and a distinct pattern of admixture of Jeju Black cattle having no clustering with other studied populations. The FST value between Jeju Black cattle and Hanwoo was 0.106, which was lowest across the pair of breeds ranging from 0.161 to 0.274, indicating some degree of genetic closeness of Jeju Black cattle with Hanwoo. The past effective population size of Jeju Black cattle was very small, i.e. 38 in 13 generation ago, whereas 209 for Hanwoo. Conclusion: This study indicates genetic uniqueness of Jeju Black cattle. However, a small effective population size of Jeju Black cattle indicates the requirement for an implementation of a sustainable breeding policy to increase the population for genetic improvement and future conservation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2019

A combat system performs a given mission enduring various threats. It is important to analyze the reliability of combat systems in order to increase their ability to perform a given mission. Most of studies considered no threat or on threat and didn't analyze all the dependent relationships among the components. In this paper, we analyze the loss probability of the function of the combat system and use it to analyze the reliability. The proposed method is divided into two layers, A lower layer and a upper layer. In lower layer, the failure probability of each components is derived by using FTA to consider various threats. In the upper layer, The loss probability of function is analyzed using the failure probability of the component derived from lower layer and BBN in order to consider the dependent relationships among the components. Using the proposed method, it is possible to analyze considering various threats and the dependency between components.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2021

Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) is a fat extracted from shea tree nuts and contains relatively high levels of non-glycerides. Triterpenes, the main non-glyceride component, exhibit a variety of biological activities such as antitumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Shea butter extract (SBE) has been used to treat various skin problems such as burns, eczema, and rash in human medicine, but little is known about the activity of SBE on canine skin. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of SBE in canine keratinocytes. Cytotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5-50 ng/mL) and SBE (50-200 ㎍/mL) was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of LPS and SBE were administered to canine cell cultures to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of SBE, the levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α were measured using ELISA kits. The concentration of each cytokine was quantified in control, LPS-treated, LPS + SBE-treated groups. Increased levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12 were found in LPS-treated groups relative to control groups. LPS + SBE-treated groups showed a lower level of IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12 than LPS-treated groups. These results suggest that SBE may have application as a topical agent for canine inflammatory skin diseases. However, further in vivo study is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SBE in dogs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.725-734
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• 2024

CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium is an important enzyme in biotechnology, because engineered CYP102A1 enzymes can react with diverse substrates and produce human cytochrome P450-like metabolites. Therefore, CYP102A1 can be applied to drug metabolite production. Terpinen-4-ol is a cyclic monoterpene and the primary component of essential tea tree oil. Terpinen-4-ol was known for therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory. Because terpenes are natural compounds, examining novel terpenes and investigating the therapeutic effects of terpenes represent responses to social demands for eco-friendly compounds. In this study, we investigated the catalytic activity of engineered CYP102A1 on terpinen-4-ol. Among CYP102A1 mutants tested here, the R47L/F81I/F87V/E143G/L188Q/N213S/E267V mutant showed the highest activity to terpinen-4-ol. Two major metabolites of terpinen-4-ol were generated by engineered CYP102A1. Characterization of major metabolites was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Based on the LC-MS results, the difference in mass-to-charge ratio of an ion (m/z) between terpinen-4-ol and its major metabolites was 16. One major metabolite was defined as 1,4-dihydroxyp-menth-2-ene by NMR. Given these results, we speculate that another major metabolite is also a mono-hydroxylated product. Taken together, we suggest that CYP102A1 can be applied to make novel terpene derivatives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.666-676
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• 2000

For the study of morphological variation of Q. variabilis natural population in Korea, 19 populations were selected through the country in considering latitude, longitude, and geographical characters. Thirty trees were randomly selected from each population and 60 mature leaves were sampled from each tree. Four characters (leaf blade length, maximum blade width, petiole length, and vein number) were measured, and their ratios (the ratio of blade length to maximum blade width, the ratio of blade length to petiole length, the ratio of petiole length to vein number, upper 1/3 blade width to maximum blade width, and upper 1/3 blade width to lower 1/3 blade width) were calculated. 1. Analysis of variance for all leaf characters were significantly different among populations and among individuals within population. Contributions of variance among individuals within population in all the characters were higher than those among populations. Therefore, selection of plus trees may be preferable to desirable populations for breeding program of Q. variabilis. 2. Among principal component analysis for leaf characters, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables for leaf form of Q. variabilis because of the loading contribution of 80.5%. The first contribution component was petiole length/vein number and petiole length ; the second one was upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper blade width/lower 1/3 blade width and vein number, respectively. 3. Latitude was positively correlated with blade length/maximum blade width and blade length/petiole length, but negatively correlated with petiole length/vein number, upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper 1/3 blade width/lower 1/3 blade width, petiole length, and vein number. But, for longitude and altitude the former two traits and the later five traits exhibited the negative and positive correlation, respectively. 4. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method for leaf characters showed two groups to Euclidean distance 1.6. They were group I of population 1. 4, 5, and 13 and group II of population 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. However, group II was divided again to Euclidean distance 1.3, that is a group including population 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, and 17(group II-1) and the other group comprising population 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, and 19(group II-2). This cluster could be mainly observed due to difference among population in aspect (group I : NE, group II-1 : SE, and group II-2 : SW).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1993

A natural Quercus variabilis forest and a Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa plantation in Mt. Mohu area were studied to investigate aboveground biomass and net production. A $20m{\times}30m$ quadrat was set up in each stand, and 10 sample trees each of Quercus variabilis and Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa were cut for dimension analysis. There was little difference in accuracy among three biomass regression models of logWt=A+BlogD, $logWt=A+BlogD^2H$, and logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH, where Wt. D, and H were dry weight, DBH, and height, respectively. Aboveground total biomass of Quercus variabilis stand was 31,275kg/ha, and that of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa was 55,581kg/ha. In both of Quercus variabilis stand and Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand, the proportion of each tree component to abovegound total biomass was high in order of stem wood, branches, stem bark, and leaves. Quercus variabilis stand was higher in the proportion of stem bark, branches and leaves than Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand, while the former was lower in that of stem wood than the latter. Aboveground total net production of Quercus variabilis stand was 4,267kg/ha/yr., and that of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand was 3,903kg/ha/yr. The proportion of each tree component to aboveground total net production of Quercus variabilis stand was high in order of leaves, stem wood, branches, and stem bark. That of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand was high in order of stem wood, leaves, branches, and stem bark. Net assimilation rate and efficiency of leaf to produce stem of Quercus variabilis stand were 2.121 and 0.840, respectively. Those of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand were 3.376 and 2.085, respectively. Though Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa stand was lower in aboveground total net production than Quercus variabilis stand, the former was higher in aboveground total biomass than the latter. The reason was that Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa stand was higher in net production of stem wood of accumulation organs than Quercus variablis stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1982

During the two-years(1979 to 1980) fertilization trial on 4-year-old chestnut tree plantations, total insolation was diminished in 1980 because of unseasonable weather. In every fertilization treatment plot, especially in the NPK-fertilized plot with magnesium, growth of trees and yield of chestnuts have been increased significantly. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The growth in the NPK-fertilized plot with boron and magnesium was 20 percent higher than in plots fertilized with NPK alone. 2) Although there was some frost damage to trees on November 14, 1979, the 1979 weather was otherwise normal and daily insolation averaged 7 hours from June through september, The 1979 fertilization indices for chesnut yield were 167 for NPK with boron and 207 for NPK with magnesium, as compared with the base index of 100 for NPK alone. 3) In 1980, the second year of the fertilization trial, unseasonable weather decreased the average daily insolation from June through September to 3.8 hours. Under such conditions, the fertilization indices for chestnut yield were 620 for NPK with boron and 741 for NPK with magnesium, and Boron, as compared to the base index of 100 for NPK alone; i.e. the yields of plots treated with NPK and magnesium were 21 percent higher than for plots with NPK and boron and 7 times the yields for plots with NPK alone, But in the trial plot of NPK, yield of chestnut in 1980 decreased compared with 1979, 4) All test plots had natural magnesium levels lower than 0.8me/100gr., and the treatments with NPK and magnesium would have been less apparent on soils with higher magnesium level. The spectacular effects of treatment with NPK and magnesium during periods of low insolation may result from increased chlorophyll production and corresponding increases in active carbon assimilation, which should play an important role in carbohydrate formation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.83-98
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• 2021

Urban green space is an important component for enhancing urban ecosystem health. Thus, identifying the spatial structure of urban green space is required to manage a healthy urban ecosystem. The Ministry of Environment has provided the level 3 land cover map(the highest (1m) spatial resolution map) with a total of 41 classes since 2010. However, specific urban green information such as street trees was identified just as grassland or even not classified them as a vegetated area in the map. Therefore, this study classified detailed urban green information(i.e., tree, shrub, and grass), not included in the existing level 3 land cover map, using two types of high-resolution(<1m) remote sensing data(i.e., airborne LiDAR and RGB ortho imagery) in Suwon, South Korea. U-Net, one of image segmentation deep learning approaches, was adopted to classify detailed urban green space. A total of three classification models(i.e., LRGB10, LRGB5, and RGB5) were proposed depending on the target number of classes and the types of input data. The average overall accuracies for test sites were 83.40% (LRGB10), 89.44%(LRGB5), and 74.76%(RGB5). Among three models, LRGB5, which uses both airborne LiDAR and RGB ortho imagery with 5 target classes(i.e., tree, shrub, grass, building, and the others), resulted in the best performance. The area ratio of total urban green space(based on trees, shrub, and grass information) for the entire Suwon was 45.61%(LRGB10), 43.47%(LRGB5), and 44.22%(RGB5). All models were able to provide additional 13.40% of urban tree information on average when compared to the existing level 3 land cover map. Moreover, these urban green classification results are expected to be utilized in various urban green studies or decision making processes, as it provides detailed information on urban green space.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2020

This research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant components, and their activities for more taking advantage of small redbean cultivars. Seed size, 100 seeds weight, and hardness on the 8 cultivars were measured. The free sugar and crude protein contents were evaluated using HPLC and protein analyzer, respectively. Amylose content, antioxidant components, and activities were analyzed by spectrophotometer. The range of 100 seeds weight and hardness were 12.55-18.81 g and 9,527.38-14,341.25 gf, respectively. Total free sugar, amylose, and crude protein were showed 22.49-31.07 mg/g, 13.53-15.67%, and 21.27-23.30%, respectively. The cultivar 'Hongeon' was higher antioxidant component and activity more than others. In clustering the cultivars based on the results, the tree showed four major clades. The 'Huinnarae' group was high in total free sugar and amylose content. The 'Hongeon' group were high in 100 seeds weight, antioxidant component. and activity, while amylose content was lower than that in the other groups. The results of the cultivars can be utilized for research of functional materials. The findings of this study will provide valuable information for expansion of functional food industry related on small redbean.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.443-452
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• 1996

A study has been made to estimate biomass and NPP based on equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ for Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica natural stands(Mean age; 67, 62yrs old) in Chungju. Equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ was more adequate than $Wt=a(D^2H)^b$ and $Wt=aD^b$ for the estimation of the biomass and NPP. Individual biomass was compared using a paired t-test by tree component which showed no significant differences. Total aboveground biomass of Quercus mongolica was 130.6 t/ha and that of Quercus variabilis was 137.4 t/ha. Biomass of Q. mongolica was composed of foliage 5.1 t/ha(3.9%), dead branch 3.5 t/ha(2.7%), live branch 29.7 t/ha(23.0%), bolebark 16.2 t/ha(12.5%), and bolewood 74.9 t/ha(58.0%), and that of Q. variabilis was composed of foliage 3.8 t/ha(2.9%), dead branch 2.9 t/ha(2.2%), live branch 24.3 t/ha(18.4%), bolebark 20.4 t/ha(15.5%), and bolewood 80.4 t/ha(61.0%). Net primary production was 10.0 t/ha/yr in the Q. mongolica stand and 8.6 t/ha/yr in the Q. variabilis stand, respectively. Net primary production of Quercus forest in Chungju was very close to the mean NPP of the broadleaved forest of temperate zone.