• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.287-299
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• 2023

효소 및 미생물 복합제를 사용하여 인비트로 발효 루왁커피를 제조하여 non-fermented coffee beans(NFC)과 fermented coffee beans(FC)의 커피 품질을 비교하였다. 총유리아미노산 함량은 NFC가 254.01±4.89 mg/mL, FC가 264.15±16.80 mg/mL로 FC의 함량이 다소 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 이때 NFC는 glutamic acid, γ-aminon-butyric acid 등이 높았으나, FC는 lysine, leucine, valine 등 필수아미노산의 함량이 높았다. 커피 생두의 발효과정은 sucrose의 감소와 fructose 및 glucose의 유의적인 증가를 가져왔다. 커피 추출물의 색도는 NFC에 비해 FC 시료에서 높은 명도(L)와 적색도(a) 및 황색도(b)를 보였다. 카페인 함량은 NFC 1,130.22±1.55 ㎍/mL, FC 696.94±0.04 ㎍/mL로써 발효 후 약 38%의 카페인이 감소되었다. 폴리페놀 및 클로로겐산 함량은 NFC에서 각각 2.31±0.01 mg GAE/mL와 531.81±27.32 ㎍/mL, FC에서 각각 2.03±0.07 mg GAE/mL와 264.46±2.47 ㎍/mL로 발효에 따라 떫은맛 관련 성분의 함량이 유의적으로 감소됨을 알 수 있었다. 전자코 분석에서 NFC와 FC의 휘발성 향성분의 차이가 뚜렷함이 확인되었고, methylethyl formate, 2-methyl-1, 3-cyclopentadiene, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, 2-methylbutanal 등의 휘발성 화합물이 발효 후 높은 강도로 감지되었다. 관능 평가에서는 NFC 추출물보다 FC 추출물의 aroma, body, aftertaste, overall에서 높은 관능 평점을 보여주었다(p<0.001). 이상의 결과에서 효소 및 미생물 복합제를 사용한 커피 생두의 발효는 유효 성분들의 변화를 일으켜 커피 원두의 로스팅 과정 중 Maillard 반응을 촉진함으로써, 향미가 증가되고 카페인 함량이 감소된 인비트로 루왁 커피의 제조 가능성을 시사하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.271-276
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• 1999

새로운 천연물 농약 또는 생산군주를 개발하기 위하여 Streptomyces 속의 여러 균주를 대상으로 항진균 물질을 탐색하여 항진균 물질 생산 균주 Streptomyces hygroscopicus MJM1004를 선발하였다. 항진균 물질의 생산을 위한 발효 배지를 선정하기 위하여 여러 탄소원, 질소원과 무기원을 대상으로 균체 생장 정도와 항진균 물질의 생산성을 조사하였으며, 생산 배지는 2% soybean meal, 1% glucose, 2% starch, 0.3% $CaCO_3$, 0.05% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05% $K_2HPO_4$를 조성으로 하였다. S. hygroscopicus MJM1004 균주의 균체에서 추출된 항진균 물질은 Candida albicans와 여러 식물 병원성 곰팡이들에 대하여 광범위한 저해 효과를 나타내었다. S. hygroscopicus MJM1004 균체로부터 분리된 항진균 물질, SH-1004를 핵자기공명법($^1H,\;^{13}C$, DQF COSY, HMQC 및 HMBC)을 통하여 분석한 결과 azalomycin F complex 임을 확인할 수 있었다. Positive FAB mass spectrum을 통하여 SH-1004는 azalomycin F4a와 F5a가 1.8 : 1의 비율로 혼합된 물질임을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2019

Di- and tri-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3, respectively) are epigenetic markers of active genes. Complex associated with Set1 (COMPASS) mediates these H3K4 methylations. The involvement of COMPASS activity in secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis was first demonstrated with an Aspergillus nidulans cclA knockout mutant. The cclA knockout induced the transcription of two cryptic SM biosynthetic gene clusters, leading to the production of the cognate SM. Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi that have been used for food fermentation in eastern Asia, and the pigment Monascus azaphione (MAz) is their main SM. Monascus highly produces MAz, implying that the cognate biosynthetic genes are highly active in transcription. In the present study, we examined how COMPASS activity modulates MAz biosynthesis by inactivating Monascus purpureus cclA (Mp-cclA) and swd1 (Mp-swd1). For both ${\Delta}Mp-cclA$ and ${\Delta}Mp-swd1$, a reduction in MAz production, accompanied by an abated cell growth, was observed. Suppression of MAz production was more effective in an agar culture than in the submerged liquid culture. The fidelity of the ${\Delta}Mp-swd1$ phenotypes was verified by restoring the WT-like phenotypes in a reversion recombinant mutant, namely, trpCp: Mp-swd1, that was generated from the ${\Delta}Mp-swd1$ mutant. Real-time quantitative Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the transcription of MAz biosynthetic genes was repressed in the ${\Delta}Mp-swd1$ mutant. This study demonstrated that MAz biosynthesis is under the control of COMPASS activity and that the extent of this regulation is dependent on growth conditions.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.262-271
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• 2005

Cordyceps, one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines, consists of the dried fungus Cordyceps sinensis growing on the larva of caterpillar. It is also known as 'winter-worm and summer-grass' because of its appearance during different seasons. The parasitic complex of the fungus and the caterpillar is found in soil of a prairie at an elevation of 3,500 to 5,000 meters in northwestern part of China. According to Chinese medicinal theory, Cordyceps is used to replenish the kidney and soothe the lung, and indeed many clinical applications have been reported. The natural Cordyceps is rare and expensive on the local market, and therefore, several mycelial strains have been isolated from natural Cordyceps and manufactured in large quantities by fermentation technology, and they are commonly sold as health food products in Orient. The adulterants of Cordyceps are commonly found on the market, and therefore the authentication of these products has to be defined. Having the urgent need from current market, different chemical markers such as nucleoside, ergosterol, mannitol and polysaccharide are being used for quality control of Cordyceps. Unfortunately, these markers are far from optimization, and therefore extensive works are needed to define the pharmacological efficiency of these markers.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi as a starter culture in the production of fermented sausages. To achieve this, a submerged model medium that contained LAB as part of a complex system of kimchi (0.5, 1.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0%) and lyophilized kimchi powder (0.2 and 0.5%) was fermented for 120 h. During the fermentation period, the growth of total viable organisms and LAB, and the changes in the pH and the titratable acidity, were investigated. The initial LAB counts ranged from 6.4 to 7.7 Log CFU/mL for the kimchi media, and from 6.9 to 6.9 Log CFU/mL for the kimchi powder media. In all the kimchi batches, the LAB increased logarithmically, and the highest LAB counts (around 9 Log CFU/mL) were reached in 24 h. An evident lag phase of the LAB was observed in the kimchi powder samples and reached 8.8 Log CFU/mL in 8 h. The decrease in the pH and the formation of lactic acid were rapid in the kimchi batches, and reached pH values of 3.4-3.5 in 12 h. With these results, the LAB that was integrated with the addition of kimchi or kimchi powder demonstrated its potential utility as a substitute for starter culture.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.441-451
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• 2016

Squalene is a linear triterpene formed via the MVA or MEP biosynthetic pathway and is widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. Metabolically, squalene is used not only as a precursor in the synthesis of complex secondary metabolites such as sterols, hormones, and vitamins, but also as a carbon source in aerobic and anaerobic fermentation in microorganisms. Owing to the increasing roles of squalene as an antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agent, the demand for this chemical is highly urgent. As a result, with the exception of traditional methods of the isolation of squalene from animals (shark liver oil) and plants, biotechnological methods using microorganisms as producers have afforded increased yield and productivity, but a reduction in progress. In this paper, we first review the biosynthetic routes of squalene and its typical derivatives, particularly the squalene synthase route. Second, typical biotechnological methods for the enhanced production of squalene using microbial cell factories are summarized and classified. Finally, the outline and discussion of the novel trend in the production of squalene with several updated events to 2015 are presented.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.162-166
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• 1989

스트렘토마이신 생산균주들인 Streptomyces griseus와 S.galbus strain들은 tryptic soy (TS) broth에 배양하여 항생제 생산을 조사하였을 때 S. griseus ATCC 27001이 가장 좋은 균주로 나타났다. 또한 S. griseus ATCC 12475와 ATCC 23345에서도 생장과 항생물질의 생산이 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 문헌에 보고된 streptomycin 생산배지들을 조사하여 본 결과 glucose-soybwan meal-sodium chloride (GSS) broth와 K (Chucken) broth에서, 조사한 다른 배지들에 비해 더 많은 양의 스트렙토마이신이 생성되었다. 이들 배지에 든 성분 중에 콩속에 든 특정한 성분이 스트렙토마이신의 생성을 활성화 시켰다. Meat extract를 soybean meal과 함께 가하여 주면 항생제 생성이 더 증가되었다. distillers' solubles도 meat extract와 유사한 활성이 관찰되나 com steep liquor를 가하여 주면 항생제 생산이 감소되었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVII)
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

The crude polysaccharides(C-CPF, C-CPM, C-CPB) derived from fruiting body, mycelia and mycelia free broth of cordyceps militaris were obtained by ethanol precipitation of hot water extracts. After a batch fermentation of C. militaris was carried out in a 5 L jar vessel, endo-polysaccharide and exo-polysaccharide were obtained. They were demonstrated as the hetero polysaccharides which were composed of glucsose, galactose and mannose by performed with HPAEC(high pH anion exchange chromatography) and conformation of random coil by its complex forming ability with congo red reagent. They were purified by ion exchange (DEAE-cellulose) and gel filtration chromatography. They were monitered by phenol-sulfuric acid method and Bradford method. The NO induction activities of crude polysaccharides and purified polysaccharides derived from mycelia free broth were enhanced rather than LPS(lipo polysaccharide) which was used as a general NO inducer. These effects presumably contibute to the antitumor activities. The homogenieties and molecular weights of polysaccharides were determined by using Sepharose CL-6B. The yield, molecular weights and NO induction activities of C-CPFN Fr.III, C-CPMN Fr.III, C-CPBN Fr.II were 0.387, 0.408 and 0.153, 127 K 210 K and 36 K, 40.79%, 88.72%, and 104.17%, respectively.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 2010

This work focuses on the application of nanofiltration (NF) to the concentration of a pharmaceutical product, Clavulanate ($CA^-$), from clarified fermentation broths, which show a complex composition with six main identified ions ($K^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NH_4}^+$, $H_2{PO_4}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $CA^-$), glucose and glycerol. The solutes transport through the NF membrane pores was investigated using the SEDE (Steric, Electric and Dielectric Exclusion) model. This model was applied to predict the rejection rates of the initial feed solution and the final concentrated solution (10-fold concentrated solution). The best results were achieved with a single fitted parameter, ${\varepsilon}_p$ (the dielectric constant of the solution inside pores) and considering that the membrane selectivity is governed by steric, electric (Donnan) and Born dielectric exclusion mechanisms. While the predicted intrinsic rejections of solutions comprising up to six ions and uncharged solutes were in good agreement with the experimental values, the deviations were much larger for the 10-fold concentrated solution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1515-1528
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• 2017

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the rumen and the other intestinal segments of cattle, harbors a diverse, complex, and dynamic microbiome that drives feed digestion and fermentation in cattle, determining feed efficiency and output of pollutants. This microbiome also plays an important role in affecting host health. Research has been conducted for more than a century to understand the microbiome and its relationship to feed efficiency and host health. The traditional cultivation-based research elucidated some of the major metabolism, but studies using molecular biology techniques conducted from late 1980's to the late early 2000's greatly expanded our view of the diversity of the rumen and intestinal microbiome of cattle. Recently, metagenomics has been the primary technology to characterize the GI microbiome and its relationship with host nutrition and health. This review addresses the main methods/techniques in current use, the knowledge gained, and some of the challenges that remain. Most of the primers used in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification and diversity analysis using metagenomics of ruminal bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa were also compiled.