• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.293-299
• /
• 2000

목적 :직장암에서 완치를 기대할 수 있는 치료는 수술요법이다. 진행성 병변으로서 근치절제가 불가능한 경우에 있어서는 수술 전 보조요법을 통해 절제연이 음성인 근치절제율을 높이고자 하는 노력이 시도되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 수술 전 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법으로 근치 절제율을 높여 치료성적을 향상시키기 위하여 전향적 임상 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지 국소적으로 진행된 직장암으로 내원하여 수술전 병기결정 검사를 통하여 근치적 절제가 불가능하다고 판단된 37명의 환자가 본 연구에 포함되었다. 수술전 병기결정은 직장수지검사, 경직장초음파, 컴퓨터단층촬영, 자기공명영상 등을 이용하였다. 방사선 치료는 3 문 내지 4 문 조사식으로 총 45$\~$50.4 Gy를 시행하였으며, 방사선 치료 첫째 주와 다섯째 주에 항암화학요법(5-Fluerouracil, 370$\~$450 mg/m$^{2}$, IV bolus, 5 days; Leucovorin 20 mg/m$^{2}$, IV bolus, 5 days)이 동시에 투여되었다. 방사선 치료 후 4$\~$6주 후에 근치적절제술을 시행하였다. 전체 37명의 환자 중 31명에서 계획된 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법 후 근치적 수술이 시행되었고, 나머지 6명은 환자 이해부족으로 치료가 중단 된 경우 4예, 치료중 진행성 병변(Peforation)으로 응급수술을 시행한 후 방사선 단독치료를 한 경문 1예, 그리고 1예에서는 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법을 시행 후 수술하기 전에 폐전이가 발견되어 전신항암화학 요법만을 시행하였다. 결과: 계획된 치료가 시행된 환자 중 94$\%$ (29/31)에서 절제연 음성인 완전근치절제가 가능하였으며, 병리적 완전관해율은 6$\%$ (29/31), 임상적 완전관해율은 23$\%$ (7/31)이었다. 수술 전 병기 감소율은 68$\%$에서 관찰되었다. 수술은 2예에서 국소 절제술, 14예에서 저위전방절제술, 8예에서 복회음부 절제술, 4예에서 하트만씨 절제술, 3예에서 부분 내용제거술을 시행되었다. 치료와 연관된 급성 독성으로는 Grade III & IV의 백혈구 감소증 각각 4예(13$\%$), 2예(6$\%$)를 제외하고는 대부분 경미하였다. 결론: 국소적으로 진행되어 근치적 절제가 어려운 직장암에서 계획된 수술 전 방사선 및 항암화학 동시요법을 통해서 수술 후 병기 감소(68$\%$)와 높은 완전근치절제율(94$\%$)을 얻을 수 있었다. 치료에 따른 독성도 대부분 경미하여 좋은 순응도를 보였다. 나아가 이러한 치료를 통해 얻어지는 국소 제어율과 전체 생존율에 대해서는 향후 추적 관찰을 통해 분석해 나갈 예정이다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.195-203
• /
• 1999

고 에너지 광자선 소조사면에 대한 선량 특성은 조사면내의 급격한 선량 변화와 측면 전자 평형상태하의 측정이 어려우므로 정확하게 파악하기 어렵다. 다이아몬드 검출기를 이용하여 광자선 에너지 4, 6, 그리고 10 MeV에 대한 소조사면의 선량특성을 측정하였고 그 값들을 작은 용적의 원통형과 평행평판형 이온함의 선량특성과 비교하였다. 다이아몬드 검출기와 원통형 이온함을 이용하여 의료용 선형가속기에서 방출되는 광자선 에너지 6 MeV X-선, 10 MeV X-선에 대한 소조사면($1{\times}1,\;1.5{\times}1.5,\;2{\times}2,\;3{\times}3,\;4{\times}4\;cm^2$)에 대하여 심부선량백분율, 측면 선량분포를 측정하였다. 또한 다이아몬드 검출기, 원통형 이온함 및 평행평판형 이온함을 이용하여 광자선 에너지 4 MeV X-선, 6 MeV X-선 및 10 MeV X-선으로 소조사면의 크기를 $1{\times}1\;cm^2$에서 $0.5\;cm^2$간격으로 $4{\times}4\;cm^2$까지 변화하면서 출력계수를 측정하였다. 세 가지 측정기에 대한 출력계수를 비교한 결과 광자선 에너지 4 MeV X-선은 조사면의 크기 $2{\times}2\;cm^2$, 6 MeV X-선은 $2.5{\times}2.5\;cm^2$ 그리고 10 MeV X-선은 $3{\times}3\;cm^2$이상에서 출력계수가 $\pm$1.2% 내외로 잘 일치하였으나 원통형과 평행평판형 이온함에 대한 출력계수는 조사면의 크기가 작아질수록 다이아몬드의 검출기와 비교하여 낮게 평가되었는데 이는 원통형과 평행평판형 이온함의 측면전자평형상태가 이루어지지 않아 낮게 평가되었다. 광자선 에너지 6 MeV X-선과 10 MeV X-선에 대한 심부선량백분율은 다이아몬드 검출기와 원통형 이온함이 조사면의 크기 $3{\times}3\;cm^2$까지 $\pm$1.5% 내외로 잘 일치하였으나 조사면의 크기가 작고 깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 다이아몬드의 심부선량백분율이 크게 평가되었다. 측면 선량분포는 원통형 이온함의 반음영의 크기가 측정된 소조사면에 대하여 다이아몬드 검출기보다 크게 나타났다. 측면 선량분포는 다이아몬드 검출기가 상대적으로 이온함에 비해 민감 용적이 작고 높은 분해능을 가지므로 반음영이 작은 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 고 에너지 광자선 소조사면에 대한 선량 측정시 검출기의 민감 용적이 작고 분해능이 우수하며 물과 등가인 다이아몬드 검출기는 이온함에 비해 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1974

This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.227-259
• /
• 2013

이 연구는 삼국이 통일을 이룬 7세기까지 중국에서 수입한 서적과 내국인이 편찬하여 유통된 서적을 대상으로 그 전모를 조사하여 주요한 특징을 밝힌 글이다. 삼국은 5세기부터 중국으로부터 서적을 수입하여 고대국가의 정착을 위해 법령의 제정, 교육제도의 도입, 학문의 진흥, 국제 외교, 국사의 편찬 등에 반영하였다. 그리고 4세기 후반 한반도에 전래한 불교는 초기에는 단순히 불경을 전수하는데 불과하였으나, 대장경이 도입된 7세기 이후에는 새로운 종파를 형성할 수준으로 교학이 발전하여 우리 자체의 장소문헌의 찬술이 본격으로 등장하고 있다는 사실에 주목하였다. 이처럼 삼국이 통일된 7세기까지 서적의 유통 현상을 분석한 결과, 전래 서적은 주로 유교와 불교 문헌에 집중된 현상을 보이고, 내국인에 의한 자체적으로 편찬한 서적은 삼국의 역사서와 불교의 장소문헌에서 높게 나타나고 있으며, 그 외에도 기초학습에 필요한 소학서와 과학분야의 전문서적이 수입되었던 것으로 파악되었다. 당시 삼국에서 유통된 서적의 경우 대부분 6세기부터 본격적으로 수입되었기 때문에 대부분 필사본 형태로 보급되었을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 삼국에서 5세기 이전에 편찬되었던 "유기(留記)"와 "서기(書記)" 등 역사서적은 죽간으로 제작되었을 가능성이 높은 것으로 보았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.725-730
• /
• 2010

일반재배 및 유기재배로 생산된 쌀의 품질 및 이화학적 특성, 기능성 및 관능평가에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 쌀 품질 분석 결과, 일반 쌀이 유기재배 쌀보다 6% 완전립 비율이 높고 쇄미 등 불완전립 비율이 낮았으며, 이화학적 특징인 아밀로스, 단백질, 취반미 윤기특성, 산가 등은 일반 쌀에 비해 유기재배 쌀이 약간 양호하였으나, 알칼리 붕괴도와 아미노산 Asp, Ser, Glu, Ala, Leu, Arg는 일반 쌀과 유기재배 쌀 간에 차이가 거의 없었다. 그러나 Thr, Val, Ile, Met, Phe, Lys, His 아미노산은 유기재배 쌀이 일반 쌀보다 함량이 많은 경향을 볼 수 있었다. 아미노산 성분중 일반 쌀과 유기재배 쌀의 무기성분 중 칼슘 같은 다량 성분은 차이가 없었지만, 붕소, 망간, 철, 아연 4가지 미량요소는 유기재배 쌀에서 1.1~2.7 mg/100 g 함량이 더 많았다. 기능성 조사 결과, 총 페놀화합물과 phytic acid 함량은 유기재배 쌀에서 89%와 23% 각각 더 많았고 항산화 활성도 유기재배 쌀에서 일반 쌀보다 4% 더 높게 나왔다. 관능평가 결과, 쌀 찰기, 맛, 식미감 분야에서 일반 쌀이 유기재배 쌀보다 밥맛이 우수한 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2011

Interior design has diverse functions and roles according to recent changes in life and cultural style. As the meaning of space varies, the furniture as another element of the space should also be planned and included in the beginning of the project to accomplish its functional role on the finished space and not only be placed. The relationship between Interior space and furniture should be studied and understood at the same realm because they have a complementary relationship. The final destination of design, which is very challenging to accommodate people, the designer needs to approach to the interior space and furniture in a cognitive view. The study of Semiotics views in a knowledgeable and epistemological way every element as a sign and by the relationship of their characters it makes to understand the structure of the signs. Charles Sanders Peirce, a leader of Semiotics in USA, classified the structure of Sign into Representamen, Object and Interpretant to complete the theory which could systematically describe physical characteristic and function of the Sign and its significance in practical use. Peirce stated that all nine types of Sign would be generated if each structure of Sign in combined with three categories of Sign such as Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. In this study, based on Peirce's nine types of Sign, the interrelationship between space and furniture in interior design was investigated with examples in Living Space, Office Space, and Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Representamen, which can be classified into Qualisign, Sinsign, and Legisign, it is a feature of Living Space to be expressed in harmonized and stabilized ways. In Office Space vertical/horizontal elements and open expression are differently showed depending on fields. And splendid and interesting expressions are showed in Commercial Space. In the category of Object, which can be classified into Icon, Index, and Symbol, each function of Sign has distinctly been showed as Symbol in Living Space, Index in Office Space, and Icon in Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Interpretant, which can be classified into Rheme, Dicisign, and Argument, it was found that space image of Living Space is transferred to human being, Office Space regulates human bing, and Commercial Space binds human being with the space. In conclusion the function of the interior space and the furniture could be explained in another way with re-interpretation of interrelationship among interior space elements in the concept of Semiotics. It is expected that interpretation with Semiotics in interior design will grow to new theory of design.

• 정보관리학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.247-268
• /
• 2016

연구주제와 관련된 다양한 자료들 중에서 특정 문헌이 참고문헌으로 선택되어 이용되는 인용과정은 오랫동안 많은 과학자들의 다양한 관점에 따라 연구되어 왔지만 아직까지 인용행태의 본질과 복잡성은 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. 특히 한국의 경우 인용행태 연구에 있어 서지학적 요인에 대한 통계적 분석 연구방법이 주로 이용되었는데, 이 방법은 인용의 역동적이며 복잡한 인지적 측면을 밝히는데 한계가 있었다. 이에 본 연구는 설문조사를 통해 인용동기와 서지학적 요인에 대한 인용자들의 인식을 직접 알아보고, 응답결과를 인용자 특성에 따라 비교해 보았다. 문헌분석을 통해 22가지 인용동기와 21가지 서지요인을 추출하여 5점 Likert 척도문항을 구성한 뒤, 설문지를 이메일에 첨부하여 배포, 총 354부의 유효표본을 확보하였다. SPSS 22.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, 독립표본 t검정, 일원분산분석을 실시한 결과, 가장 중요하게 고려되는 인용동기는 '주장에 대한 증거제공'이었으며 '사회적 친분관계', '자기인용' 등은 영향력이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 서지요인의 경우, 학술지의 명성이 인용선택에 가장 영향력이 크다고 인지되었으며 페이지수, 저자수, 저자성별의 영향력은 거의 없었다. 또한 전공분야, 연구활동경력에 따라 이러한 인식에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 선행연구를 실증하고, 인용빈도에 영향력이 크다고 가정되어온 요인들이 의도된 것인지를 확인할 수 있었으며, 전문도서관이나 학술데이터베이스의 검색지점 설정에 제언할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.880-884
• /
• 2001

Rumen microbiology research has undergone several evolutionary steps: the isolation and nutritional characterization of readily cultivated microbes; followed by the cloning and sequence analysis of individual genes relevant to key digestive processes; through to the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences for a cultivation-independent examination of microbial diversity. Our knowledge of rumen microbiology has expanded as a result, but the translation of this information into productive alterations of ruminal function has been rather limited. For instance, the cloning and characterization of cellulase genes in Escherichia coli has yielded some valuable information about this complex enzyme system in ruminal bacteria. SSU rRNA analyses have also confirmed that a considerable amount of the microbial diversity in the rumen is not represented in existing culture collections. However, we still have little idea of whether the key, and potentially rate-limiting, gene products and (or) microbial interactions have been identified. Technologies allowing high throughput nucleotide and protein sequence analysis have led to the emergence of two new fields of investigation, genomics and proteomics. Both disciplines can be further subdivided into functional and comparative lines of investigation. The massive accumulation of microbial DNA and protein sequence data, including complete genome sequences, is revolutionizing the way we examine microbial physiology and diversity. We describe here some examples of our use of genomics- and proteomics-based methods, to analyze the cellulase system of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and explore the genome of Ruminococcus albus 8. At Illinois, we are using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors to create libraries containing large (>75 kbases), contiguous segments of DNA from R. flavefaciens FD-1. Considering that every bacterium is not a candidate for whole genome sequencing, BAC libraries offer an attractive, alternative method to perform physical and functional analyses of a bacterium's genome. Our first plan is to use these BAC clones to determine whether or not cellulases and accessory genes in R. flavefaciens exist in clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Proteomics is also being used to complement the BAC library/DNA sequencing approach. Proteins differentially expressed in response to carbon source are being identified by 2-D SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel-digests and peptide mass mapping by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, as well as peptide sequencing by Edman degradation. At Ohio State, we have used a combination of functional proteomics, mutational analysis and differential display RT-PCR to obtain evidence suggesting that in addition to a cellulosome-like mechanism, R. albus 8 possesses other mechanisms for adhesion to plant surfaces. Genome walking on either side of these differentially expressed transcripts has also resulted in two interesting observations: i) a relatively large number of genes with no matches in the current databases and; ii) the identification of genes with a high level of sequence identity to those identified, until now, in the archaebacteria. Genomics and proteomics will also accelerate our understanding of microbial interactions, and allow a greater degree of in situ analyses in the future. The challenge is to utilize genomics and proteomics to improve our fundamental understanding of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology, and overcome constraints to ruminal function.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.7045-7056
• /
• 2013

Since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) less than a decade ago, this type of molecular intervention has been introduced to repress gene expression in vitro and also for in vivo studies in mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of action of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) underlies use as therapeutic agents in the areas of cancer and viral infection. Recent studies have also promoted different theories about cell-specific targeting of siRNAs. Design and delivery strategies for successful treatment of human diseases are becomingmore established and relationships between miRNA and RNAi pathways have been revealed as virus-host cell interactions. Although both are well conserved in plants, invertebrates and mammals, there is also variabilityand a more complete understanding of differences will be needed for optimal application. RNA interference (RNAi) is rapid, cheap and selective in complex biological systems and has created new insight sin fields of cancer research, genetic disorders, virology and drug design. Our knowledge about the role of miRNAs and siRNAs pathways in virus-host cell interactions in virus infected cells is incomplete. There are different viral diseases but few antiviral drugs are available. For example, acyclovir for herpes viruses, alpha-interferon for hepatitis C and B viruses and anti-retroviral for HIV are accessible. Also cancer is obviously an important target for siRNA-based therapies, but the main problem in cancer therapy is targeting metastatic cells which spread from the original tumor. There are also other possible reservations and problems that might delay or even hinder siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of certain conditions; however, this remains the most promising approach for a wide range of diseases. Clearly, more studies must be done to allow efficient delivery and better understanding of unwanted side effects of siRNA-based therapies. In this review miRNA and RNAi biology, experimental design, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects are discussed.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.63-76
• /
• 2013

Purpose - For the past several decades, behavioral economics or behavioral decision theory has undergone rapid development. This study provides a critical review of the development of behavioral economics with a focus on what are deemed to be core theories in the field. Starting from the utility function proposed by Daniel Bernoulli in the 18th century, the development history of utility functions until the emergence of the prospect theory is thoroughly reviewed. Some of the experimental results violating the traditionally assumed utility function and supporting the prospect theory value function are summarized. The most representative principles of rational choice are transitivity, independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA), and regularity. The development of behavioral economics has been triggered by finding counter-examples to these principles. Some of the choice behaviors discussed in this study as counter-examples to the traditional theories of rational choice are the St. Petersburg paradox; the Allais paradox; gambling behavior; and the various context effects including the similarity effect, attraction effect, and the compromise effect. The Elimination-by-Aspects (EBA) model, which was proposed as an explanation for the similarity effect, is discussed in detail as well. Based on the literature review and further analysis, this study summarizes the relationship between the context effects, prospect theory, and EBA model. Research design, data, and methodology - This study provides an extensive literature review on several important theories in the field of behavioral decision theory and adds some critical comments to the theories and the relationships among them. This study first reviews the development of utility functions. Daniel Bernoulli introduced the concept of utility function to solve the St. Petersburg paradox. In the mid-20th century, Herbert Simon proposed the "satisficing" heuristic and presented a value function with a shape different from traditional utility functions. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of several utility functions proposed until the emergence of the prospect theory value function. Results - This study posits that prospect theory and EBA model are the two most important theories in the field of behavioral decision theory. They can explain various choice behaviors that traditional utility maximization analysis has been unable to. The application of these models to various fields is further increasing nowadays. This study explains how prospect theory and the EBA model can be used to explain the context effects. Conclusions - The traditional economic theory relies on a single variable called "utility" in explaining consumer choice. However, this study argues that, in investigating consumer choice, several other variables should also be considered. These are the similarity among alternatives, an alternative's prototypicality within the category, the dominance relationship between alternatives, and the reference point in evaluating alternatives. Due to the development of behavioral economics, we are now closer to a more complete understanding of consumer choice behavior than in the past when we had only a single tool called utility.