We suggest two types of misuses to analyze the same survey data. One is related with the fact that people nay use the wrong bounds of error when they compare two proportions. And the other is related with that some non-statisticians are apt to use wrong methods when there is a neutral answer in a question. We suggest these methods and compare them with the statistically good method. It will be a good results in educational purpose.
Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
/
2006.05a
/
pp.496-499
/
2006
The solar cells should be operated at the maximum power point because its output characteristics are greatly fluctuate on the variations of insolation, temperature and loads. To obtain maximum power from solar cell, photovoltaic system cell power system usually requires maximum power point tracking controller. This paper propose Maximum power point tracking method using zero slope of differential value of maximum power. The power compare method traces to maximum power point rapidly but oscillate on the maximum power point largely, when quantity insolation variation is big. The power compare method is traces to maximum power point slowly but oscillate maximum point on the maximum power point smally, when quantity insolation variation is small. To solve two problem of the power compare method, designed zero slope of differential value of maximum power.
Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and a neural dynamic technique (NDYT). As an intervention to treat spastic lower limb muscle tone, stiffness, and static balance in stroke patients. Methods: Totally, 26 participants were assigned randomly to two groups: the IASTM (n=13) and NDYT (n=13) groups. Both groups were subjected to their respective technique for 15 minutes, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. Muscle tone, stiffness, and static balance were evaluated before and after training, to compare both group changes. Results: IASTM group showed significant decrease in the gastrocnemius medial region and semitendinosus muscle tone and stiffness (p<0.05) compare to NDYT group; however, no significant different was observed in static balance between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that IASTM is an effective method for decreasing the muscle tone and stiffness in acute stroke patients.
Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
/
v.29
no.6
/
pp.721-733
/
2022
In this paper we compare parameter estimation by Grassmann manifold optimization and sequential candidate set algorithm in a structured principal fitted component (PFC) model. The structured PFC model extends the form of the covariance matrix of a random error to relieve the limits that occur due to too simple form of the matrix. However, unlike other PFC models, structured PFC model does not have a closed form for parameter estimation in dimension reduction which signals the need of numerical computation. The numerical computation can be done through Grassmann manifold optimization and sequential candidate set algorithm. We conducted numerical studies to compare the two methods by computing the results of sequential dimension testing and trace correlation values where we can compare the performance in determining dimension and estimating the basis. We could conclude that Grassmann manifold optimization outperforms sequential candidate set algorithm in dimension determination, while sequential candidate set algorithm is better in basis estimation when conducting dimension reduction. We also applied the methods in real data which derived the same result.
Park Jong Joo;Yook Tae Han;Song Beem Yong;Lee Kwang Gyu;Yu Yun Jo;Lee Chang Hyun
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.16
no.2
/
pp.272-278
/
2002
To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Herba Chelidoniie, the extracts of Herba Chelidoniie treated in arthritic rat model. Complete Freund,s Adjuvant(CFA) were injected in the subcutaneous tissue of left foot paw of rats to induce arthritis. Herba Chelidonii extracts(HC) was administered immediately into the peritoneal cavity after CFA injection for 12 days. The immunohistochemical stainings for calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) and substance P in the L4, L5 and L6 spinal dorsal horn and ganglia were done, and the paw swelling was measured with a micrometer and the blood leukocytes were counted. The results were as follows : The paw swelling of HC treated group was significantly decreased in 12th day after CFA injection compare to control group. The change of differential leukocytes counts of HC treated group increased the ratio of lymphocytes, and decreased the ratio of neutrophils compare to control group. The extent of CGRP immunoreactive nerve fiber of dorsal horn of HC treated group was weakly stained compare to control group. The number of CGRP immunoreactive neurons of L6 spinal cord of HC treated group was significantly decreased compare to control group. The extent of substance P immunoreactive nerve fiber of dorsal horn of He treated group was weakly stained compare to control group. The number of substance P immunoreactive neurons of L4, L5 and L6 spinal cord of HC treated group was significantly decreased compare to control group. These experimental results suggest that Herba Chelidonii extracts reduce the number of CGRP and substance P immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers of spinal dorsal horns and ganglia, and decrease paw swelling in arthritic rat model, which may be closely related to analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of Herba Chelidonii.
To evaluate the difference of concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants between residential and traffic area of Seoul, air samples were collected in Bulkwang (residential) and Shinchon (traffic) area. Samples were analyzed to measure the concentration of extractable organic matters (EOM) and their subfractions and mutagenicities were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured by gas-chromatography and compared between two areas. The results were as follows ; 1. While the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) in residential area was below the environmental standard in annual average, the concentration in traffic area was above the standard and was up to its maximum $256{\mu}g/m^3$ in November. The difference of TSP concentrations in both areas of each month was statistically significant (P<0.05). 2. The concentration of fine particle in traffic area was significantly higher compare to that in residential area and showed statistically significant monthly difference in both areas (P<0.05). The proportion of concentration of fine particle to TSP was 55-68%. 3. Mean concentrations of EOM in residential and traffic areas were $4.3{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;5.3{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The proportion of amount of EOM from fine particle to EOM from TSP was 70-88%. 4. While the percentage of polar neutral organic compounds (POCN) of fine particle in Bulkwang's sample was higher compare to Shinchon's sample, the percentage of aliphatic compounds of fine particle in Shinchon's sample was higher compare to Bulkwang's sample. The percentages of PAH fraction were as low as 6-10% in both areas. 5. The mutagenic activity of nit concentration of organic matters extracted from fine particle was higher compare to that of coarse particle and was increased when metabolically activated with S9. Mutagenicities with metabolic activation calculated by unit air volume were significantly different between residential and traffic area, $17\;revertants/m^3$\;and\;22\;revertants/m^3$ respectively. 6. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine particle of traffic and residential areas were $3.10ng/m^3\;and\;2.02ng/m^3$ respectively. Sixteen PAHs were higher in samples of traffic area compare to residential area and also concentrations of PAHs in fine particle were higher compare to coarse particle.
Osteoporosis is the consequence of an imbalance between osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, coupled with an increased rate of bone turnover observed with menopause. Estrogen is generally considered to maintain bone mass through suppression of bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rat femoral trabecular change not only in the deficiency of estrogen but also in the administration of estrogen following ovariectomy(OVX). 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral OVX or sham surgery(control). Groups of OVX were divided into 4 groups. The first group was injected daily with vehicle alone for 20 days after 20 weeks following OVX. The additional groups of OVX was injected daily with low, medium, or high doses of $17{\beta}-estradiol$(10, 25 or $50{\mu}g/kg$ BW, respectively). All rats were sacrified 23 weeks after OVX, and their femur were processed for H&E, MT stain and histomorphometry. The results were as follows; 1. In the histomorphometric analysis, the trabecular bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular seperation were respectively $31.2{\pm}8.3%$, $54.3{\pm}4.8{\mu}m$ and $280.7{\pm}16.4{\mu}m$ in vehicle treated OVX group and $48.6{\pm}7.3%$, $90.4{\pm}4.5{\mu}m$ and $126.3{\pm}5{\mu}m$ in sham operation group, and they showed statistical significance compare to control group. 2. The trabecular bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation were respectively $44.4{\pm}4.3%$, $109.5{\pm}12.3{\mu}m$ and $94.9{\pm}8.5{\mu}m$ in low doses of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ injected group and they showed statistical significance compare to OVX group. 3. The trabecular bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation were respectively $44.4{\pm}4.3%$, $109.5{\pm}12.3{\mu}m$ and $94.9{\pm}8.5{\mu}m$ in medium doses of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ injected group and they showed statistical significance compare to OVX group, but they didn't show statistical significance compare to low doses of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ injected group. 4. The trabecular bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation were respectively $46.4{\pm}4.5%$, $154.4{\pm}13.2{\mu}m$ and $113.7{\pm}12.8{\mu}m$ in high doses of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ injected group and they also showed statistical significance compare to OVX group, but they didn't show statistical significance compare to other experimental groups. From the above results, metaphyseal bone formation was markedly reduced in OVX rate but treatment of OVX rats with $17{\beta}-estradiol$ resulted in normalization of femur trabecular bone volume. But they didn't show statistical significance the effect of bone formation according to the dose dependency.
The peripheral infection is one of the major causes of maternal death, and although it is preventable through an effective prenatal as well as postnatal care its morbidity is increasing due to bacterial resistant to an effective antibiotics. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the peripheral morbidity of 949 parturients who were admitted to the Obstetrics and Gynecologic department of Ewha Woman's University Hospital from January 1971 to September 1971. Among the 949 parturients, especially 40 normal parturients were selected (20, control soup was given complete aseptic care during labor and delivery and post delivery: 20, compare group was given the ordinary care practiced during labor and delivery and maternal ward of Ewha Woman's University Hospital) for bacteriologic test on vaginal flora twice, on admission and on complete cervical dilatation of each parturient. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of parturients age were 21 to 35 years old(90.83%), and educational level of 949 parturients was above high school. A large number of parturients socioeconomic level (according to their husbands' job) were moderate. 2, Among the 949 parturients, multipara (55.9%) were a little more than primipara (44. 1%) and 38.84% of parturients had experienced aborition. 3. In deliverty types, normal deliveries (804 cases) were more than cesarean section deliveries (145 cases) The peripheral morbidity after normal deliveries was 0.5%, and cesarean section deliveries, 23.45%. 4. Among 949 parturients incidence of hemorrhage eases (500cc or more bleeding) showed the higher peripheral morbidity (24.86%) than other cases (bleeding less than 500cc, 7.83%). 5. The majority of parturients (81.03%) had teen taking antenatal care, but most of them were taken irregular antenatal care. On the other hand, on admission, the parturients with complication were 30.32%, and their peripheral morbidity showed much higher (7.02%) than those with no complication (2.71%). 6. The incidence of peripheral morbidity in premature ruptured membrane was higher (10.91%) than normal parturienta (1.73%). 7. In the result of aseptic care during labor and delivery and post delivery, the number of cultured bacteria was legs in control group than Compare group (in control group, on admission 17, on complete cervical dilatation 12: in compare group, on admission 21 on complete cervical dilatation 21) . The most common bacteria were Staphylococcus (control group 14 on admission, compare group 16 on admission), and next Streptococcus, E- Coil, Bacillus Subtilis, in order. Also in control group the number. of colony were reduced (43%) more than in Compare group. Transient temperature elevation from 37℃ to 37.4℃ were noted in compare group (50%) than in control group (30%), and there was no one indicated above 38℃. In conclusion, the aseptic care is the test way of preventing peripheral infection as well as decreasing the puerperal morbidity. Therefore the most important nursing care is the aseptic care for each parturient during labor and delivery and peat delivery and also all the instruments must be cleaned and sterilized.
It is important to asess the risk factors of parenting and provide early intervention for promotion of the maternal caretaking ability. The purpose of the study was to identify the maternal burden of caretaking, the supporting and the educational need for the caretaking activities of the mother of infant. Sixty three mothers of infants who visited the wellbaby clinic of S university hospital and one health center during the period of November 1st, to 30th in 1996 comprised the subjects of this study, Data were gathered through the instruments that were developed by researcher. Statistical analysis of this study was used ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows : 1) The mean score of the maternal burden of caretaking was 22.06. The maternal burden of caretaking was significantly high in the mothers who had vaginal delivery compare with the mothers who had caeserean section and in the muthers who gave artificial feeding compare with the group of breast or mixed feeding. 2) The mean score of the support need for the caretaking activities was 30.69. The support need for the caretaking activities was significantly high in the mothers who had the second child, compare with the mothers who had first or third child. And the support need for the caretaking activities was significantly high in the mothers who had caretaking help compare with the mothers who had no caretaking help. The specific subjects of 'mother-infant interaction', 'immunization' and 'prevention of accident' on the support need for the caretaking activities were relatively high. 3) The mean score of the educational need of caretaking activities was 29.3. The educational need of caretaking activities was significantly high in the mother who had the second child compare with the mothers who had first or third child. And the educational need of caretaking activities was significantly high in the mothers who had caretaking help compare with the mothers who had no caretaking help. The specific subjects of 'mother-infant interaction', 'emergency care' and 'prevention of accident' on educational need of caretaking were relatively high. 4) The maternal burden of caretaking was not correlated with the support need or the educational need of caretaking activities. But the support need of caretaking activities was significantly correlated with the educational need of caretaking activities. 5) The support and educational need of caretaking activities were significantly high in the mothers who wanted home care for caretaking their infants. Through the study, it was found that there is considerable maternal burden of caretaking as well as the support and educational need on the caretaking activities in the mothers whose child is young. Therefore developing the systematic and effective program is needed to meet the mother's need. The results of this study will be useful resources to develop the program. On the other hand, it can be recommanded that home health care will be one of the approach to support the mothers caretaking activities.
Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
/
v.20
no.4
/
pp.733-740
/
2009
We obtain a skewed uniform distribution by a uniform distribution, and evaluate its coeffcient of skewness. And we obtain the approximate maximum likelihood estimator (AML) and moment estimator of skew parameter in the skewed uniform distribution. And we compare simulated mean squared errors (MSE) of those estimators, and also compare MSE of two proposed reliability estimators in two independent skewed uniform distributions each with different skew parameters.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.