• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.328-335
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• 2013

This study investigated the ratios of area, according to the domains and functions, of a public library. To this end, 20 public libraries were selected as samples from the 2012 Public Library Construction Casebook and from cases of consulting on the construction and operation of public libraries. The domains of a public library were categorized into data reading, cultural education, operation, common use, and others. There was a large difference in the area ratios between public libraries that were built with the aid of consulting (Group B) and those without consulting (Group A). In functional terms, the data(bookshelf) space and reading space had similar ratios within a data reading room, while the ratio of the library information space was smaller. Within a general data reading room, the ratio of the library information space was 12%, while the ratios of the data space and seating space were 44%, respectively. Moreover, within a data reading room for children, the ratios of the library information space and children's space were adjusted to 14%, respectively, while the data space and seating space each accounted for 36%, with either 3- or 5-decker bookshelves installed. This study has identified how to calculate the area for each domain, capacity of books, and seating capacity by applying area ratios through functions in the data storage domain, along with numbers of books and seats per unit space. This study has also succeeded in calculating the required area and seats for each type of data storage room by applying the number of books that exist. However, this study has its limitation in that the regional characteristics(Metropolis, Small & medium size cities, Rural areas) were not considered because the number of samples was only 20 libraries.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2006

PURPOSE : The 3rd molar extraction of mandible is common in out-patient office of oral and maxillofacial surgery. And it is dynamic minor operation with changes of vital signs. most of patients are already sensitive about their dental treatment. The changes of emotion are reached to the highest level when patients is laid down to be treated on unit chair. It can be induced to undesirable accidents as to this fear. The undesirable complications are nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, dyspnea, syncope, shock and so on. The severe changes of vital signs may influence their behavior and make serious medical malpractice or suit such as fracture of dental instruments and injury of proximal area. METHOD AND PATIENTS : A total of 99 selected normal patients were reviewed. Among this, 70 patients(43 men, 27 women with statistical significance) were included in this study. Each steps(pre-anesthesis, 5 minutes after anesthesis, just after mucogingival incision, just after tooth section, just after suture and gauze biting) were investigated for a change of a vital signs. It is analyzed to 2 categories,"Means" and "Tendency". The "Means" is the amount of vital signs changed in comparison with pre-step during operation. That means is the amount of vital changes by each step operation. Next, " Tendency" is changes of vital signs in comparison with step1 during operation. RESULT : This is the changing tendency of vital signs with time. That is active effect of fear and pain. Thus this "Means" and "Tendency" will present a sudden changes of vital signs and it can lead to more safe treatment. CONCLUSION : Thus, the purpose of this study is, through careful operation in each step, to less on patients' complication and increase trust between patient and OMFS. This study is a first article shown with the amount of "Means" and "Tendency" in vital signs, when a third molar of mandible is extracted. This study will be base study of patients with general diseases, because it selected only patients without general diseases.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.283-294
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• 1996

생산 공정에서 공동의 작업 범위 지역에 위치한 단위 제어 기기들에 대한 효율 적인 운영과 자원을 공유하기 위하여 네트워크 기술이 적용되어 운영되고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 발포 벽지 공정 관리의 효율화를 위하여 컴퓨터 통합 생산 방식의 표준을 기반으로 공정 라인의 이기종 PLC들의 그룹 관리를 위한 셀(cell) 시스템을 설계하고 시험운영 하였다. 본 연구에서 설계된 이기종 PLC 그룹 운영 해석은 PLC 래더 로직 프로그램에 서 데이타 패킷 크기와 노드 수의 변화로 파라미터를 선정하였으며, 이에 따른 시스템의 운영을 위한 토큰 로테이션 시간과 대기 시간의 대응된 변화값을 해석하였다. 이의 해석적 방법은 PLC 네트워크 연결의 인식 패킷의 서비스 시간, 전송 안정 여유의 오버 헤드를 고려한 M/G/1의 큐 모델로서 해석식을 유도하였으며, 셀 시스템과 PLC 그룹 관리에 적용하여 운영하였다. PLC의 스캔 타임(scan time)을 고려하여 10-20 msec 정도의 응답 하한선을 가지고 있으며 데이타 패킷의 크기는 50 바이트를 넘지 않고, 노드의 수가 40 이하이면 Jayasumana, Browaka 의 결과보다 확장되고 개선된 결과로서 네트워크가 안정되고 실시 간 처리가 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.2070-2078
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• 2014

In this work, the frequency response of gate-all-around (GAA) Ge/GaAs heterojunction tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) with hetero-gate-dielectric (HGD) and pnpn channel doping profile has been analysed by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device-circuit mixed-mode simulations, with comparison studies among ppn, pnpn, and HGD pnpn TFET devices. By recursive tracing of voltage transfer curves (VTCs) of a common-source (CS) amplifier based on the HGD pnpn TFET, the operation point (Q-point) was obtained at $V_{DS}=1V$, where the maximum available output swing was acquired without waveform distortion. The slope of VTC of the amplifier was 9.21 V/V (19.4 dB), which mainly resulted from the ponderable direct-current (DC) characteristics of HGD pnpn TFET. Along with the DC performances, frequency response with a small-signal voltage of 10 mV has been closely investigated in terms of voltage gain ($A_v$), unit-gain frequency ($f_{unity}$), and cut-off frequency ($f_T$). The Ge/GaAs HGD pnpn TFET demonstrated $A_v=19.4dB$, $f_{unity}=10THz$, $f_T=0.487$ THz and $f_{max}=18THz$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.310-321
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• 1991

Between April 1986 and September 1990, 34 patients with a single or dominant right ventricle underwent modified Fontan procedure for definite palliation in Seoul National University Children`s Hospital. Their age at operation ranged from 8 months to 14 years [Mean 5.5 years]. The ventricular chamber was solitary and of indeterminate trabecular pattern in 6 patients. 28 patients had posteriorly located rudimentary chamber, all of which were trabecular pouches having no communication with outlet septum. The patterns of atrioventricular connection were common inlet[9], double inlet [11], left atrioventricular valve atresia [12] and right atrioventricular valve atresia with L-loop [2]. Pulmonary outflow tracts were atretic in 7 patients and stenotic in 26 patients. Major associated anomalies included anomalous systemic venous drainage [15], dextrocardia [12] and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection[3]. Shunt operations were previously performed in 13 patients and pulmonary artery banding and atrial septectomy in 1 patients. Surgery included intraatrial baffling in 26 patients, bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt in 13 patients, atrioventricular valve obliteration in 3 patients and atrioventricular valve replacement in 3 patients. Central venous pressure measured postoperatively at intensive care unit ranged from 18cm H2O to 28cm H2O [mean 23.2cm H2O]. Hospital mortality was 35.3% [12/34], all died out of low output syndrome. Suspected causes of low output syndrome include ventricular dysfunction [8], hypoplastic or tortuous pulmonary artery [2] and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance [2]. 19 patients had 31 major complications including low output syndrome [18], arrhythmia [4], acute renal failure [3] and respiratory failure [3]. Mortality rate was significantly higher in the groups receiving intraatrial baffling and AV valve replacement respectively [p<0.05]. 20 patients were followed up postoperatively with the mean follow-up period 15.0$\pm$11.6 months. There were no late death and follow-up catheterization was performed in 10 patients. Mean right atrial pressure was 15.4$\pm$6.8mmHg and ventricular contraction was reasonable in all but one case. Thus, Fontan principle can be applied successfully to all the patients with complex cardiac anomaly of single ventricle variety and better results can be anticipated with judicious selection of patient and improvement of postoperative care.

• 세라미스트
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.4-18
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• 2018

Lastly, neuromorphic computing chip has been extensively studied as the technology that directly mimics efficient calculation algorithm of human brain, enabling a next-generation intelligent hardware system with high speed and low power consumption. Three-terminal based synaptic transistor has relatively low integration density compared to the two-terminal type memristor, while its power consumption can be realized as being so low and its spike plasticity from synapse can be reliably implemented. Also, the strong electrical interaction between two or more synaptic spikes offers the advantage of more precise control of synaptic weights. In this review paper, the results of synaptic transistor mimicking synaptic behavior of the brain are classified according to the channel material, in order of silicon, organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, 1D CNT(carbon nanotube) and 2D van der Waals atomic layer present. At the same time, key technologies related to dielectrics and electrolytes introduced to express hysteresis and plasticity are discussed. In addition, we compared the essential electrical characteristics (EPSC, IPSC, PPF, STM, LTM, and STDP) required to implement synaptic transistors in common and the power consumption required for unit synapse operation. Generally, synaptic devices should be integrated with other peripheral circuits such as neurons. Demonstration of this neuromorphic system level needs the linearity of synapse resistance change, the symmetry between potentiation and depression, and multi-level resistance states. Finally, in order to be used as a practical neuromorphic applications, the long-term stability and reliability of the synapse device have to be essentially secured through the retention and the endurance cycling test related to the long-term memory characteristics.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.62-68
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 여러 개의 마이크로 프로세서를 다중 접속 통신으로 연결하여 지능형 교통 신호 제어기를 설계를 다루었다. 제안된 제어기는 신호등, 입력장치, 교통량 측정장치 및 보조 신호등 등의 교통 신호 제어기의 여러 장치를 단일 프로세서에 의하여 제어하는 기존의 제어기와 달리 각각의 장치를 전용 마이크로 프로세서에 의하여 제어하도록 하고 각 프로세서들을 주 프로세서와 다중 접속에 의하여 연결하는 다중 프로세서 시스템에 의하여 제어하도록 하는 분산형 제어 시스템으로 설계하였다. 설계된 제어 시스템은 교통량 및 소통 속도의 실시간 측정, 신호등의 제어, 연동 장치 및 보조 교통 신호등을 각각의 전용 프로세서에 의하여 제어하도록 하여 교통 신호 제어 프로그램의 부담을 여러 개의 프로세서로 분산하였다. 이러한 분산형 제어 시스템은 단일 프로세서 제어 시스템에 비하여 프로세서의 프로그램 수행 부담이 줄어들어 연동제 신호 제어 및 관제형 신호 제어 등의 지능형 교통신호 제어 부가 기능을 실시간으로 처리할 수 있으며 장치의 추가 등, 확장성이 우수하다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법은 실제 시스템을 제작하여 주 제어 프로세서와 각 프로세서간의 다중 접속 통신에 의한 연결 및 신호등 구동 및 제반 입출력 처리 기능을 실험하였다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2000

Background: The purpose of this study is to review the clinical course after the correction of noncomplicated ventricular septal defect and to analyze the morbidity and risk factors of postoperative complications and evaluate residual defect during the follow-up period. Material and Method: From September 1994 to June 1998 24 patients(median age 10 months) underwent surgery under the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect. We made a retrospective review of the clinical records including the operation notes critical care unit records echocardiography results and the follow-up records. Result: There was no early mortality nd late mortality. There was no postoperative complete conduction block. Respiratory complication was the most common complication. The body weight age type of ventricular septal defect associated anomalies and operative procedure were not related to the incidence of complications. residual ventricular septal defects aortic valve regurgitation and tricuspid valve regurgitation were insignificant in postoperative hemodynamics, Conclusions: Correction of the noncomplicated ventricular septal defect was done without mortality and complete heart block. Aggressive preoperative medical treatment and early surgical treatment may decrease postoperative complications. Postoperative residual shunt and tricuspid regurgitation were not problematic during the follow-up

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Purpose: Parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated cholestasis (PNAC) is one of the most common complications in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs). The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors of PNAC in VBLWIs. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 322 VLBWIs admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital from July 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. We excluded 72 dead infants; 6 infants were transferred to another hospital, and 57 infants were transferred to our hospital at 2 weeks after birth. The infants were divided into the cholestasis and the non-cholestasis groups. PNAC was defined as a direct bilirubin level of ${\geq}2.0mg/dL$ in infants administered with PN for ${\geq}2weeks$. Results: A total of 187 VLBWI were enrolled in this study; of these, 46 infants developed PNAC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of PNAC in VLBWI were longer duration of antimicrobial use (odds ratio [OR] 4.49, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.42-4.58), longer duration of PN (OR 2.68, 95% CI 2.41-3.00), long-term lack of enteral nutrition (OR 2.89, 95% CI 2.43-3.37), occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.16-2.83), and gastrointestinal operation (OR 2.19, 95% CI 2.03-2.58). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that shorter PN, aggressive enteral nutrition, and appropriate antimicrobial use are important strategies in preventing PNAC.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제84권6호
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• pp.1244-1256
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• 2023

전립선암에서 뼈는 가장 흔한 전이병소이며, 전립선암의 질병 상태를 파악하고 치료 반응을 평가하기 위해서는 전이성 골병변의 평가가 필수적이다. 거세 저항성 전립선암은 남성호르몬을 거세 수치로 떨어뜨렸음에도 불구하고 암이 진행하는 상태를 의미하며, 이 상태에서는 원격 전이가 빈번하게 발생한다. 거세 저항성 전립선암의 치료 반응을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해 뼈스캔을 기반으로 한 Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 (이하 PCWG3) 가이드라인이 발표되었으나 실제 이를 쉽게 숙지하여 적용하기에는 어려운 점이 있다. 본 종설에서 PCWG3 가이드라인에 준한 거세 저항성 전립선암의 뼈스캔 기반 골병변 반응 평가를 위한 구체적인 영상 획득 방법 및 치료 반응 평가법을 소개하고자 한다.