• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study, patients in whom two computed tomography (CT) scans had been obtained within 24 hours of injury were analyzed to determine the incidence, risk factors and clinical significance of a progressive intracerebral hematoma (PIH). Methods: Participants were 182 patients with a traumatic intracerebral hematoma and contusion who underwent a repeat CT scan within 24 hours of injury. Univarite and multivariate statistics were used to define growth (volume increase) and to examine the relationship between the risk factors and hemorrhage expansion. Results: Fifty-four percent of the patients experienced progression in the size of the lesion in the initial 24 hours postinjury. A PIH was independently associated with worsened Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (2.99, 1.04~8.60), the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (6.29, 2.48~16.00), the presence of a subdural hematoma (6.18, 2.13~17.98), the presence of an epidural hematoma (5.73, 1.18~27.76), and the presence of a basal cistern effacement (10.93, 1.19~99.57). Conclusion: For patients undergoing scanning within 2 hours of injury, the rate of PIH approaches 61%. Early repeated CT scanning is indicated in patients with a nonsurgically-treated hemorrhage revealed on the first CT scan. Worsened GCS score, significant hematoma growth and effacement of the basal cisterns on the initial CT scan are powerful predictors of which patients will require surgery. These findings should be important factors in understanding and managing of PIH.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.265-273
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• 2004

KBPTS is the fortified prescription of Bang-pung-tong-sung-san (BPTS) by adding Spatholobi Clulis and Salviae Miltiorrzae Radix. BPTS prescription has been used in Qriental medicine for the treatments of vascular diseases including hypertension, stroke, and arteriosclerosis, and nervous system diseases. Yet, the overall mechanism underlying its activity at the cellular levels remains unknown. To investigate the protective role of KBPTS on brain functions, noxious stimulations were applied to neurons in vitro and in vivo. KBPTS pretreatment in cultured cortical neurons of albino ICR mice rescued death caused by AMPA, NMDA, and kainate as well as by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and ferrous chloride (Fe/sup 2+/) treatments. Furthermore, KBPTS promoted animal's recovery from coma induced by a sublethal dose of KCN and improved survival by a lethal dose of KCN. To examine its physiological effects on the nervous system, we induced ischemia in the Sprague-Dawley rat's brain by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Neurological examination showed that KBPTS reduced the time which is required for the animal after MCA occlusion to respond in terms of forelimb and hindlimb movement$. Histological examination revealed that KBPTS reduced ischemic area and edema rate and also protected neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus from ischemic damage. Thus, the present data suggest that KBPTS may play an important role in protecting neuronal cells from external noxious stimulations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

Pathological studies were performed on the five piglets experimentally infected with Aujeszky's disease virus(pseudorabies), NYJ isolate, isolated from the naturally infected pigs in Korea: two piglets were inoculated intramuscularly, two piglets intranasally, and one piglet subcutaneously at the dose of 1$m\ell$ per animal with the 105.5 $TCID_50$/0.1ml titer. Clinical signs included dyspnea, high fever(＞$41^{\circ}C$), anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, ataxia, circling movement, posterior paralysis, intermittent convulsion, and coma followed by death although some variations by age and inoculated routes were observed. Gross features included multiple necrotic foci in the liver, congestion and hemorrhage in the lymph nodes and spleen, petechial hemorrhage in the kidney, hemorrhagic pneumonia, marked meningeal congestion, severe sub meningeal hemorrhage in the spinal cord, excessive cerebrospinal fluid retention, and muscular necrosis at the inoculated area. Microscopically, non suppurative meningoencephalitis with gliosis and perivascular cuffing in CNS, ganglioneuritis, necrohemorrhagic splenitis, necrotic hepatitis, tonsillitis and rhinitis, hemorrhagic or interstitial pneumonia, and non-suppurative myositis in the injected area were observed. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in a variety of tissues the including the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsil, and lung. Ultrastructurally, virus particles were confirmed in nucleus and cytoplasms of pneumocytes around the necrotic areas.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1984

This paper dealt with the histopathological observations of the perirenal edema in pigs and rabbits administered with Amaranthus retroflexus, based on the clinical and pathological observations of the porcine perirenal edema naturally occurred in Korea. The results observed are summarized as follows; In the natural case, clinical signs were trembling, weakness and incoordination of the hindquarters, followed by sternal recumbency, coma and death. Death usually occurred within 24 hours after the signs of illness appeared. In gross findings, the grayish yellow fluid in the perirenal area was observed in each case. In some cases, the amount of fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities was increased and the yellowish red color of the hydrothorax and ascites was seen. When the renal capsule was incised, the kidneys were enlarged and congested and petechiae on the cortical surface and blood clots on the capsule appeared. In microscopical findings, there were cloudy swelling, hyaline droplets and necrosis of the convoluted tubules containing proteinaceous casts and a few oxalate crystals. In addition, interstitial and perivascular edema, distention of the Bowman's space and the convluted tubules and hemorrhages were recognized. In the weanling pigs and the adult pig fed various weeds, including Amaranthus retroflexus, Euxolus blitum and Portulaca oleracea, the pigs fed Amaranthus retroflexus appeared clinical signs and pathological findings of perirenal edema usually seen in the pigs of natural cases. In the pigs fed Euxolus blitum or fed Portulaca oleracea, neither clinical signs nor pathological changes were seen. It was regarded that this disease was affected with Amaranthus retroflexus, but there was no sensitivity in the adult pigs.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.957-966
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• 1998

In this paper an imrpoved Signal-to-Interference ratio(SIR)-based call admission control(CAC) algorithm for DS-CDMA cellular system is proposed and its performance is analyzed. This algorithm uses Residual-Capacity defined asthe additional number of initial calls that a base station can accept such that system-wide outage probability will guaranteed to remain below a certain level. the residual capcity at each cell is calculated according to the reverse-link SIR measured not only at the home cell but also the adjacent cells. Then the adjacent cell interference-coupling coefficient .betha. is used. In this work we propose an improved algorithm that .betha. varies according to the traffic load of the home cell. The influence of traffic condition on system performance, namely blocking probability and outage probability, is then examined via simulation. The performance of the improved algorithm is evaluated both under homogeneous and hot spot traffic loads. The results show that the improved algorithm outperforms conventional algorithms under all load values. Under over-load situation, especially, the improved algorithm gives almost constant outage performance the QoS(quality of service) can be guranted.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-39
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• 2015

Copper sulfate is a copper compound used widely in the chemical and agriculture industries. Most intoxication occurs in developing countries of Southeast Asia particularly India, but rarely occurs in Western countries. The early symptoms of intoxication are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, and the most distinguishable clue is bluish vomiting. The clinical signs of copper sulfate intoxication can vary according to the amount ingested. A 75-year old man came to our emergency room because he had taken approximately 250 ml copper sulfate per oral. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 14 and vital signs were blood pressure 173/111 mmHg, pulse rate 24 bpm, respiration rate 24 bpm, and body temperature $36.1^{\circ}$ .... Arterial blood gas analysis (ABGa) showed mild hypoxemia and just improved after 2 L/min oxygen supply via nasal cannula. Other laboratory tests and chest CT scan showed no clinical significance. Three hours later, the patient's mental status showed sudden deterioration (GCS 11), and ABGa showed hypercarbia. He was arrested and his spontaneous circulation returned after 8 minutes CPR. However, 22 minutes later, he was arrested again and returned after 3 minutes CPR. The family did not want additional resuscitation, so that he died 5 hours after ED visit. In my knowledge, early deaths are the consequence of shock, while late mortality is related to renal and hepatic failure. However, as this case shows, consideration of early definite airway preservation is reasonable in a case of supposed copper sulfate intoxication, because the patients can show rapid deterioration even when serious clinical manifestation are not presented initially.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1136-1138
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• 1997

A 45-year-old man underwent heart transplantation due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Cyclosporine, 2 mg/kg per day, was intravenously givell postoperatively. As central neurotoxicity signs that were included pin-point pupil, no light reflex, coma, were presented at 8 postoperative hours, cyclosporine was decreased to 1 mg/kg er day. At that time the cyclosporine level was 345 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, the serum creatinine level was 1.8mg/dl and the serum magnesium level was within normal limit. He awaked at 31 postoperative hours and all sign of cyclosporine-induced central neurotoxicity was resolved after postoperative days. He was discharged without sequale at postoperative day 28.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 2009

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between the degrees of injury on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the time interval to recovery of consciousness in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Methods : From January 2004 to December 2008, 25 patients with diffuse axonal injury were treated at our hospital. We retrospectively investigated the patients' medical records and radiological findings. We divided the patients into three groups according to the grade of MRI finding : grade I, small scattered lesions on the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere; grade II, focal lesions on the corpus callosum; and grade III, additional focal lesions on the brain stem. Result : Seven patients belonged to the grade I group; 10 to the grade II group; and 8 to the grade III group. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of all patients at the time of admission was 7.28. Recovery of consciousness was observed in 23 of the 25 patients; the remaining two patients never regained consciousness. The time interval to recovery of consciousness (awake status) ranged from 1 day to 125 days (mean 22.1 days) : grade I group patients, within approximately 1 week (mean 3.7 days); grade II group patients, within approximately 2 weeks (mean 12.5 days); and grade III group patients, within approximately 2 months (mean 59.5 days). Conclusion : Our study results suggest a correlation between the mean time interval to recovery of consciousness in patients with diffuse axonal injuries and the degrees of brain injuries seen on MRI. Patients with grade I and II diffuse axonal injuries recovered consciousness within 2 weeks, while patients with grade III injuries required approximately 2 months.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.159-184
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• 1997

A Literature study on the language disturbance, the results are as follows; 1. Utterance was closely concerned not only the vocal organs(pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, lips, tongue, vocal cord etc,) but also five viscera{especially heart, lung, kidney etc.) in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. It is very like the vocal mechanism in Medical science. 2. In the language disturbance, It is classified with dysarthria and dysphasia in Medical science. But in Oriental medicine, it is expressed the language disturbance as coma-speech lessness, stiff tongue-speechlessness, frightening-speechlessness etc. Especially in Oriental medicine, Non-utterance is called aphasia in literature study. 3. In the concern of the language disturbance and five viscera, $Heart{\cdot}Lung{\cdot}Kidney$ are counted of first importence. In differential diagnosis, It is divided sthenia-syndrome and asthenia-syndrome. Sthenia-syndrome is classified with wind-cold, fire-evil, adverseness of vital energy, stagnation of phlegm, is easy to cure. Asthenia-syndrome is classified with sexual desire, anxiety-meditation, fear, is hard to cure. 4. The pathogenesis of dysphasia originated from two factors; The first internal damages are consumption of body fluid caused by lung-dryness and yin-dificiency of lung & kidney. The second disease caused by exogenous evjls is sluggishness of lung-energy. 5. In many using points of acupuncture of the language disturbance, the order is LI-4(合谷), H-7(神門), K-l(湧泉), L-3(太衝), K-3(太谿), S-6(三陰交), H-5(通里), G-15(아門), C-23(廉泉), S-40(豊降), K-6(照海), L-7(列缺), S-36(足三里) etc.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.255-269
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• 2005

Objective : To evaluate the effect of Oriental Medical Treatment on a patient with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy followed by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Method : We applied various methodology of Oriental Medical Treatment including Acupuncture, Electroacupuncture, Physical treatment, Herbal Medicine, Moxibustion treatment and Western medication as well. Result: Herbal medicine was applied on the basis of the patient's history. We applied formular to remove phelgm as a pathogenic factor after Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. At the same time, considering the patient spent more than a month in ICU lacking appropriate nutrition, we used formuli on the basis of 'Deficiency of Spleen' focusing to vitalize the function of digestive system. As the condition of the patient changed, we also adapted formular accordingly. We prescribed Herbal medication to strengthen Yin and Yang equally as she got hospitalized for long time. Also we applied Acupuncture treatment and Moxibustion treatment to control Qi flow. The general condition of the patient got better with successful removal of Foley catheter and elevated Glasgow Coma scale. We used Electroacupuncture, Physical treatment and Western medication at the same to get maximized effect on relaxing the contracted muscle. According to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), we have some changes in muscle spasticity but later, the effect was not that significant. Conclusion : We had a patient with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy followed by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In the management of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy, Conservative treatments are the mainstream but there are not many alternatives. Therefore, We suggest that Oriental medical approach may contribute to the management of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.