• 생물정신의학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1996

Recent studies on long-term outcome of schizophrenia revealed that schizophrenic symptoms recover in more than 50%, while it remains severe in less than 20% after 20 years or more from the onset. Psychopharmacological studies indicate that 75% of remitted schizophrenics may recur within 2 years after discontinuation of maintenance pharmacotherapy. In addition, family studies revealed that schizophrenic decompensation may occur significantly more frequent in discharged patients with high expressed emotion family than in low expressed emotion family. These findings strongly support a clinical validity of stress-vulnerability concept of schizophrenia which open a new viewpoint to two central problems in schizophrenia treatment, i.e. psychotic relapses and chronification of the fist episode schizophrenia. Moreover, recent psychopathological studies argue that schizophrenic symptoms are manifestations of psychological reaction secondary to a primary cognitive impairment(neurobiological vulnerability), which is originated in neurobiological changes in the brain. Recent approaches to the vulnerability to schizophrenic symptoms or schizophrenic decompensation are reviewed.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.233-261
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 국내 성인의 자아존중감과 우울의 인과관계를 살펴보는데 목적을 두고, 한국복지패널 1~4차 데이터를 활용하여 인과관계를 설명할 수 있는 인지취약모델과 상처모델을 검증하였다. 또한 우울과 자아존중감의 변화궤적에 영향을 미치는 인구사회학적 변인을 파악함으로써 우울과 자아존중감 손상에 취약한 인구집단을 밝히고자 하였다. 분석결과 우울의 초기값이 자아존중감 변화율에 미치는 영향과 자아존중감 초기값이 우울 수준 변화율에 미치는 영향이 모두 유의하게 나타나 외국 연구와는 달리 국내 성인집단에서는 인지취약모델과 상처모델이 모두 지지되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 이 상호관계는 인구사회학적 요인을 통제한 상태에서도 지지되었으며, 우울의 변화궤적과 자아존중감의 변화궤적 모두에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 교육수준, 빈곤여부, 만성질환 여부 및 사회적 관계 만족도로 나타났다. 본 연구는 아직까지 연구되지 않은 성인기 집단의 우울과 자아존중감 관계의 매커니즘을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있으며, 논의를 통해 우울 예방 및 치료에 대한 실천적 함의를 제안하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.459-469
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• 2016

본 연구는 학교폭력 가해 학생의 심리적 특성에 따른 유형을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 문헌 조사를 통해 6요인(인지충동성, 무계획충동성, 우울, 불안, 또래동조성, 주장성), 19문항의 설문지를 구성하여, 86명의 가해 학생들을 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 최종 74명의 자료로 2단계 군집분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 3개의 군집으로 구분되었으며 각각 '충동적 취약성 유형(군집1)', '정서적 취약성 유형(군집2)', 그리고 '사회적 취약성 유형(군집3)'으로 명명하였다. 각 군집의 특성은 첫째, 군집1은 다른 집단에 비해서 인지충동성과 무계획충동성의 점수는 높은 반면, 우울과 불안 점수는 낮았다. 둘째, 군집2는 다른 집단에 비해서 우울과 불안 점수는 높은 반면, 인지충동성과 무계획충동성 점수는 낮았다. 셋째, 군집3은 다른 집단에 비해서 또래동조성 점수는 가장 높았으며 동시에 주장성 점수는 가장 낮은 반면, 인지충동성과 무계획충동성, 우울과 불안은 낮았다. 본 연구 결과는 현장에서 가해학생들을 지도하고 상담하는 교사들 및 상담자들과 보호자에게 가해학생들의 심리적인 특성을 이해하고 개입할 수 있는 유용한 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personal traits of children's characteristics as well as those of mothers' on the children's maladjustment behaviors. The study subjects were 345 preschooler-mother pairs. Results revealed that boys exhibited more maladjustment behaviors than girls, as expected. The results of a three way ANOVA analyses indicated that the multiple interactive factors of the children's temperament, cognitive outcomes, and parenting attitudes significantly affected the children's maladjustment behaviors. This trend was only representative across the sample of boys. In this study, the interaction effects of negative parenting attitudes and the children's lower levels of cognitive development on the children's maladjustment capacity were accentuated among boys with temperamental vulnerability.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a structural model for chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment of breast cancer patients based on a literature review and Hess and Insel's chemotherapy-related cognitive change model. Methods: The Participants consisted of 250 patients who were ${\geq}19$ years of age. The assessment tools included the Menopause Rating Scale, Symptom Experience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Everyday Cognition, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Results: The modified model was a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were ${\chi}^2=423.18$ (p<.001), ${\chi}^2/df=3.38$, CFI=.91, NFI=.91, TLI=.89, SRMR=.05, RMSEA=.09, and AIC=515.18. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment was directly influenced by menopausal symptoms (${\beta}=.38$, p=.002), depression and anxiety (${\beta}=.25$, p=.002), and symptom experiences (${\beta}=.19$, p=.012). These predictors explained 47.7% of the variance in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety mediated the relations among menopausal symptoms, symptom experiences, and with chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety (${\beta}=-.51$, p=.001), symptom experiences (${\beta}=-.27$, p=.001), menopausal symptoms (${\beta}=-.22$, p=.008), and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (${\beta}=-.15$, p=.024) had direct effects on the quality of life and these variables explained 91.3%. Conclusion: These results suggest that chemotherapy-related toxicity is highly associated with cognitive decline and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Depression and anxiety increased vulnerability to cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. Nursing intervention is needed to relieve chemotherapy-related toxicity and psychological factor as well as cognitive decline for quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the cognitive functions would be correlated with psychotic symptoms and whether antipsychotic treatments would affect the cognitive functions after 8 weeks. Methods : The thirty-five schizophrenic patients were conducted in this study. The psychopathology was measured using PANSS. The memory function, executive function, and sustained attention were measured using Memory Assessment Scale(MAS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and Vigilance(VIG) and Cognitrone(COG) in Vienna Test System. After 8 weeks of antipsychotic treatment, we retested the cognitive tests. Results : 1) The cognitive tests after the 8 week's treatment showed significant improvements in memory and executive function in the schizophrenic patients. On the other side, sustained attention did not show improvement. 2) The change of PANSS were correlated with perseverative response, perseverative error and total correct in WCST at baseline. WCST scores at baseline were correlated with negative symptoms, but not positive ones. Conclusion : These study suggests that 1) the impaired sustained attention could be a vulnerability marker in schizophrenia, 2) memory & executive function deficit could be reversible after treatment, and 3) medication might have a benefit in improving the cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Furthermore, the data supports that the better premorbid executive function was, the more favorable was the treatment response in schizophrenic patients. Finally, this study indicates that executive function might be an index of treatment improvement.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2011

Cognitive models of panic disorder have emphasized cognitive distortions' roles in the maintenance and treatment of panic disorder (PD). However, the patient's difficulty with identifying and managing emotional experiences might contribute to an enduring vulnerability to panic attacks. Numerous researchers, employing emotion processing paradigms and neuroimaging techniques, have investigated the empirical evidence for poor emotion processing in PD. For years, researchers considered that abnormal emotion processing in PD might reflect a dysfunction of the frontal-temporal-limbic circuits. Although neuropsychological studies have not provided consistent results regarding this model, a few studies have tried to find the biological basis of dysfunctional emotion processing in PD. In this article, we examine the possibility of dysregulation of emotion processing in PD. Specifically we discuss the neural basis of emotion processing and the manner in which such neurocognitive impairments may help clarify PD's core symptoms.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2013

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is defined as the tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events. However, this definition is somewhat categorical and does not explain the phenomenology of IU. Intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS), the standard measure of IU, was considered to have two factors : 'unacceptability and avoidance of uncertainty' and 'uncertainty leading to the inability to act'. IU may be a cognitive vulnerability factor for clinical worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A number of moderators and mediators including cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance and rumination influence the relationship between IU, worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxious and depressive symptoms. IU may be more strongly related to the symptoms of GAD than to symptoms of other anxiety disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder. IU may serve as an important transdiagnostic feature across anxiety and depressive disorders. Incorporating IU-specific treatment components into therapeutic protocols may result in pervasive benefits, and not only for those with GAD or OCD, but for people with any anxiety disorder or with depression.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

최근 인터넷 이용자들이 급격하게 증가하고 있으며, 초보수준의 일반 네트워크 사용자들도 인터넷상의 공개된 해킹 도구들을 사용하여 고도의 기술을 요하는 침입이 가능하여 해킹 문제가 더욱 심각해지고 있다. 해커들이 침입하기 위하여 취약점을 알아내려고 의도하는 다양한 형태의 침입시도를 사전에 탐지하여 침입이 일어나는 것을 미리 방어할 수 있는 침입시도탐지가 적극적인 예방 차원에서 더욱 필요하다. 기존의 포트 스캔이나 네트워크 취약점 공격에 대응하기 위한 네트워크 기반의 비정상 침입시도 탐지 알고리즘은 침입시도함지에 있어 몇 가지 한계점을 갖고 있다. 기존 알고리즘은 Slow Scan, Coordinated Scan을 할 경우 탐지할 수 없다는 것이다. 따라서 침입시도 유형에 제한을 받지 않고 침입시도에 관한 다양한 형태의 비정상 접속을 효과적으로 탐지할 수 있는 새로운 개념의 알고리즘이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 세션 패턴과 탐지 오류율을 규칙기반으로 하는 침입시도 탐지알고리즘(Session patterns & FCM Anomaly Detector : SFAD)을 제안한다.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.276-286
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• 2002

Purpose: The concept of embarrassment as an unpleasant emotion is important in caring for those who are in the continuum of illness and health requiring body care and facing sexual problems. In spite of its nursing implication, embarrassment has not been focused in nursing research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develope a conceptual analysis of embarrassment. This analysis would help to understand comprehensively an embarrassing situation in which an intimate relationship between nurse and patient regarding body care of the patient could develope. Futhermore, it would be a basis for developing strategies for prevention of embarrassment which could lead for both patient and nurse to emotionally vulnerable situation because of their failure of self-presentation (impression management). Method: The concept analysis model suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) is used to clarify what is meant by the term 'embarrassment'. Result: This analysis defines the attributes of embarrassment such as follows. First, embarrassment is often attributed to situational factors interrupting a smooth interaction such as intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience. Second, embarrassment is closely related with cognitive factor such as fear of losing face resulted from a behaviour being out of line. Third, embarrassment is closely associated with dispositional factor such as embarrassability. Fourth, embarrassment is an unpleasant and unwanted emotion arising reactively after an interaction had occurred. Fifth, embarrassment encloses physical, physiological and behavioral aspects such as a variety of unique and easily noticeable reactions and a pattern of verbal and non-verbal behaviour for coping in an embarrassing situation. The antecedents were normally socialized adolescents with normal cognitive ability, concern of losing face, embarrassability, embarrassing events related with situational intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience, physical, behavioral blunders resulting in a failure of impression management. The consequences were an emotional coping behaviour, audience's embarrassment responses, and verbal and non-verbal coping strategies of interactional participants. Conclusion: It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate further exploration of this concept and study for developing systematic assessment and nursing practice that diminishes embarrassment of interactional participants.