• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.153-162
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• 2017

Bacillus coagulans was added as probiotics in instant coffee with microground roasted coffee which is recently rising premium coffee and the instant coffee (ProBio coffee) was compared with 3 commercial instant coffees with microground roasted coffee in quality characteristics to understand the competitiveness of ProBio coffee. In sensory evaluation, ProBio coffee had inferior aroma intensity and overall acceptance compared with control group (brewed coffee) (p<0.05) but it had equal quality or more compared with 3 commercials. Total polyphenol content, chlorogenic acid content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and caffeine content were $110.72{\pm}1.99mg/g$, $2,700{\pm}20mg/g$, $146.22{\pm}3.62TEAC\;mg/g$, $28.1{\pm}3.2ppm$ respectively. In general quality characteristics, water content, solubility, particle size and particle strength of ProBio coffee were similar to general instant coffee but had darker color than it. In safety assessment, acrylamide content was $502{\pm}10ppb$, and residual pesticides and ochratoxin A were not detected. Over 70% of B. coagulans were maintained in 4 months of storage and 16 months of shelf life was predicted in ProBio coffee by $Q_{10}$ model. Therefore, ProBio coffee was confirmed to have a sufficient product competiveness compared with 3 commercials.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 1996

A study was made to investigate the possibility of treating various organic waste of cattle manure, swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee less by feeding these to earthworms and then by studying the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworms, and the chemical composition of worm cast and its production. The results are summarized as follows. 1. When the feed for earthworms were in good condition which were cattle manure, swine manure and apple pomace, the reproductive efficiency of earthworms was improved however in worse condition the feed of which were goat manure and chinese medicine residue, the increasing rate(IR) became faster. 2. Despite the high content of organic matter(OM) in coffee lees, the earthworms fed coffee lees showed significantly lower reproductive efficiency and increasing rate(IR) than those fed other organic waste due mainly to its lower pH and lower total nitrogen(TN) content. Therefore, when coffee lees is considered to be fed to earthworms, it is believed necessary to be mixed with addiveves or other organic waste in order to improve the feed condition. 3. pH in swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee lees became neutralized by being fed by earthworms. 4. Available P2O5 and exchangeable cation(EC) of earthworm cast were a little increased compared to those of feed. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little decreased to compared to those of feed. 5. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little a decreased to compared to those of feed. 6. Mean fresh weight of earthworm at final time(FW2) was negatively correlated with number of young worms(NY)(P<0.01), but positively with increasing rate(IR) (P<0.001) and C/N ratio(P<0.05) respectively. Number of cocoons (NC) and fresh weight of cocoons(WC) were positively(P<0.01) correlated with fresh weight of young worms (WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(RW). Number of young worms(NY) and fresh weigh of young worms(WY) were negatively(P<0.001) correlated with increasing rate(IR), however increasing rate(IR) of earthworm was positively(P<0.05) correlatedd with C/N ratio.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.248-251
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• 2018

Catalytic pyrolysis of the waste paper cup containing coffee residual (WPCCCR) was performed using a fixed bed reactor and pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Non-catalytic pyrolysis of WPCCCR produced a large amount of oil together with gas and char. The use of both HZSM-5 and HY decreased the yields of oil and increased the yield of gas due to the additional catalytic cracking. Owing to the acidic catalytic properties of HZSM-5 and HY, catalytic Py-GC/MS analysis of WPCCCR increased the selectivity to aromatic hydrocarbons in product oil. Owing to properties of HZSM-5 having a stronger acidity and medium pore size, the catalytic pyrolysis of WPCCR over HZSM-5 produced much larger amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons than that of using HY.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of xylobiose-sugar mixture intake on defecation frequency and constipation symptoms in 31 young women with constipation. Methods: Thirty-one subjects were assigned to two groups, and subjects in each group were administered 10 g of a 7% xylobiose-sugar mixture (Experiment 1: XBS, n = 15) or 10 g of a 7% xylobiose-sugar mixture containing coffee mix (Experiment 2: XBS coffee mix, n = 16) twice per day for 6 weeks. During the study, clinical efficacy was assessed by a daily diary record. The subjects recorded their defecation frequency and fecal characteristics. Results: During pretreatment week, mean defecation frequency of XBS subjects was 2.13 times/week, whereas that of XBS coffee mix subjects was 1.56 times/week. The mean defecation frequencies of XBS and XBS coffee mix subjects increased significantly to 3.73 times/week (p < 0.05) and 3.56 times/week by week 6 (p < 0.05), respectively. After treatment with either XBS or XBS coffee mix, patients presented significant improvements in their amounts of stool, feelings of residual stool leftness, and abdominal pain symptoms (p < 0.05). The total constipation scoring system (CSS) for diagnosing constipation symptoms significantly decreased in the XBS group (10.53 score vs 7.22 score) and in the XBS coffee mix group (10.75 score vs 6.51 score) after 6 weeks. Improvement due to intake of 7% xylobiose-containing sugar seemed to last during the experimental period. Conclusion: The addition of approximately 7% xylobiose to commercially available sweeteners has been shown to improve constipation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the effects of the intake of xylooligosaccharide-sugar mixture (XOS) on defecation frequency and symptoms in 56 young women (mean age of 22.1 years old) with constipation. Methods: Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, a randomized double-blind study was performed to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks' intake of 10 g sucrose containing 7% xylooligosaccharide or 10 g sucrose on constipation. In experiment 2, 24 g coffee mixture containing 12.8 g plant cream and 11.2 g xylooligosaccharide-sugar mixture was consumed by the subjects. During the study, the clinical efficacy was assessed by using a daily diary. The subjects indicated the number of frequencies they defecated in a day and the clinical symptom scores. Results: In experiment 1, the mean frequency of defecations was 2.07 in the pretreatment week and increased significantly to 4.05, 4.42, 4.84, 4.84, and 4.05 in weeks 2 to 6 of XOS intake, in comparison with the 3-3.67 with sucrose intake (sucrose, SUC). In experiment 2, the mean frequency of defecations significantly increased from 2.47 in the pretreatment week to 4.11-5.67 in weeks 1-6 of XOS intake. The occurrence of very loose or loose stools in the XOS group was significantly increased in weeks 5 and 6, compared with the pretreatment week and SUC group. XOS intake significantly alleviated the abdominal displeasure and feeling of residual stool leftness in weeks 2, 3, 5, and 6, while SUC did so in weeks 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). The coffee mixture containing xylooligosaccharide-sugar mixture reduced the abdominal displeasure and feeling of residual stool leftness from week 3 until the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that xylooligosaccharide-sugar mixture intake was effective, without adverse effects, for the alleviation of constipation in the young women in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.606-613
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibility of a residual product of coffee (RC). RC oil extracted with n-hexane at $60({\pm}10)^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. In this study, the cytotoxicity of RC oil was observed against B16F10 melanoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by water solubletetrazolium salt-1 assay, and The RC oil measured by methods of DPPH radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans. As a result, the RC oil treatment-related cytotoxic effects appeared on B16F10 melanoma cells from 0.125 to $2{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$ and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells from 0.125 to $0.5{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$ concentrations in this study. RC oil is radical scavenging activity concentrations on dependent. The antimicrobial activity of RC oil ($150{\mu}l/{\ell}$) was determined by clear zone method. Straphylococcus epidermidis, Straphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans showed clear zone by each $11.3{\pm}0.4$, $12.{\pm}0.7$, $12.0{\pm}0.0$, $0.0{\pm}0.0mm$. It is suggested that RC oil have effects on the cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antimicrobial that could be applicable to cosmetics as a new material.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2019

The sensory characteristics of eight commercial ready-to-drink (RTD) cold brew coffees were compared by descriptive analysis. The cold brew coffee samples were analyzed for hunter color values, brown color, turbidity, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total phenolic content, and chlorogenic acid content. Three appearances, nine aroma, five flavor/taste, and four texture/mouth-feel related sensory attributes were evaluated by a panel of nine judges. The results of three-way analysis of variance of descriptive data showed that all sensory attributes except "fruit" aroma, "dark chocolate" aroma, "bitter" aroma, and "sweet" taste had significant differences among the samples (p<0.05). Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) of the descriptive data, the samples were primarily separated by first and second principal components, which accounted for 81.78% of the total variance among the samples with high intensities of "nutty aroma", "grain aroma", and "grain taste" versus "earth aroma", "sour aroma", "sour taste", "astringent", "smoothness", and "residual". In the correlation analysis of sensory terms and physicochemical parameters, titratable acidity and soluble solids showed significant positive correlations with earth aroma and smoothness characteristics.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

Nowadays the teabag is worldwide used for various products including green tea, tea, coffee, etc. since it is convenient for use. In case of outer packaging printed, however, there is a possibility that the plasticizers which is used for improvement in adhesiveness of printing ink may shift to inner tea bag. In this study, in order to monitor residual levels of plasticizers in teabags, we have established the simultaneous analysis method of 9 phthalates and 7 adipates plasticizers using gas chromatography (GC). These compounds were also confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD). The recoveries of plasticizers analyzed by GC ranged from 82.7% to 104.6% with coefficient of variation of $0.6\sim2.7%$ and the correlation coefficients of each plasticizer was $0.9991\sim0.9999$. Therefore this simultaneous analysis method was showed excellent reproducibility and linearity. And limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) on individual plasticizer were $0.1\sim3.5\;ppm\;and\;0.3\sim11.5\;ppm$ respectively. When 143 commercial products of teabag were monitored, no plasticizers analysed were detected in filter of teabag products. The migration into $95^{\circ}C$ water as food was also examined and the 16 plasticizers are not detected. In addition we carried out analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and aluminum (Al) in teabag filters using ICP/AES. $Trace\sim23{\mu}g$ Pb per teabag and $0.6\sim1718{\mu}g$ Al per teabag were detected in materials of samples and Cd and As are detected less than LOQ (0.05 ppm). The migration levels of Pb and Al from teabag filter to $95^{\circ}C$ water were upto $11.5{\mu}g\;and\;20.8{\mu}g$ per teabag, respectively and Cd and As were not detected in exudate water of all samples. Collectively, these results suggest that there is no safety concern from using teabag filter.