• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.380-386
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• 2015

Guaranteeing quality of service over a multihop wireless network is difficult because end-to-end (ETE) delay is accumulated at each hop in a multihop flow. Recently, research has been conducted on network coding (NC) schemes as an alternative mechanism to significantly increase the utilization of valuable resources in multihop wireless networks. This paper proposes a new section-based joint NC and scheduling scheme that can reduce ETE delay and enhance resource efficiency in a multihop wireless network. Next, this paper derives the average ETE delay of the proposed scheme and simulates a TDMA network where the proposed scheme is deployed. Finally, this paper compares the performance of the proposed scheme with that of the conventional sequential scheduling scheme. From the performance analysis and simulation results, the proposed scheme gives more delay-and energy-efficient slot assignments even if the NC operation is applied, resulting in a use of fewer network resources and a reduction in ETE delay.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.2376-2385
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• 1994

디지털 TV 신호를 수신함에 있어서 복호화 지연과 채널변경 지연은 응용측면에서 매우 중요한 요소들이다. B-화면이 없는 MPEG-2의 SIMPLE PROFILE에서 intra-slice 부호화방식은 영상 복호화과정에서 지연시간을 짧게 하는 근원적인 방식들 중의 하나이다. 그 방식에는 복호화 지연시간은 짧은 장점이 있으나 채널변경 지연시간은 길어지는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는, SNR 성능의 손실은 무시할 수 있을 만큼 적게 하며 채널변경 지연을 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해서 슬라이스들의 여러 영역으로 화면들을 구분하고 화면간 부호화를 위한 이동벡터 추정에서 약간의 제한을 부가하며, 이로 인해 임의접근 위치가 효과적으로 증가되고, 채널변경 지연시간이 줄어듬을 확인한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.2875-2893
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• 2015

Existing coding aware routing algorithms focused on novel routing metric design that captures the characteristics of network coding. However, in packet coding algorithm, they use opportunistic coding scheme which didn't consider the queue state of the coding node and are equivalent to the conventional store-and-forward method in light traffic load condition because they never delay packets and there are no packets in the output queue of coding node, which results in no coding opportunity. In addition, most of the existing algorithms assume that all flows participating in the network have equal rate. This is unrealistic since multi-rate environments are often appeared. To overcome above problem and expand network coding to light traffic load scenarios, we present an enhanced coding-aware routing algorithm based on queue state and local topology (OQMCAR), which consider the queue state of coding node in packet coding algorithm where the control policy is of threshold-type. OQMCAR is a unified framework to merge single rate case and multiple rate case, including the light traffic load scenarios. Simulations results show that our scheme can achieve higher throughput and lower end-to-end delay than the current mechanisms using COPE-type opportunistic coding policy in different cases.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2014

현재 MPEG에서 무료(royalty-free) 비디오 코덱으로 표준화 중인 IVC(Internet Video Coding)에서는 저지연(low-delay) 모드 부호화 구조에서 비참조 P 프레임 부호화 기법을 사용하여 부호화 성능 이득을 얻고 있다. IVC 시험모델 ITM(IVC Test Model) 4.0에 채택되어 있던 기존의 비참조 P 프레임 기법은 움직임 벡터(MV)의 크기를 이용하여 적응적으로 고정된 부호화 구조의 비참조 P 프레임을 적용하였으나 시퀀스에 따라서 오히려 부호화 성능이 크게 떨어지는 단점이 있었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 기존의 적응적 비참조 P 프레임 부호화 성능을 개선하기 위하여 기존의 고정된 비참조 P 프레임의 구조를 변경하는 기법과 MV와 함께 참조 프레임 대비 비참조 프레임의 발생 비트량 비를 함께 사용하는 적응적 기법을 제시한다. 실험결과 제안된 기법은 시퀀스에 따른 큰 성능 저하 없이 ITM 7.0 대비 6.6% 정도의 비트율 감소를 얻음을 확인하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2016

In this paper, a novel rate control scheme for low delay video coding of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is proposed. The proposed scheme is developed by considering a new temporal prediction structure of HEVC. In the proposed scheme, the relationship between bit rate and quantization step is exploited firstly to formulate an accurate quadratic rate-quantization (R-Q) model. Secondly, a method of determining the quantization parameters (QPs) for the first frames within a group of pictures is proposed. Thirdly, an accurate frame-level bit allocation method is proposed for HEVC. Finally, based on the proposed R-Q model and the target bit allocated for the frame, the QPs are predicted for coding tree units by using rate-distortion (R-D) optimization. We compare our scheme against that of three other state-of-the-art rate control schemes. Experimental results show that the proposed rate control scheme can increase the Bjøntegaard delta peak signal-to-noise ratio by 0.65 dB and 0.09 dB on average compared with the JCTVC-I0094 and JCTVC-M0036 schemes, respectively, both of which have been implemented in an HEVC test model encoder; furthermore, the proposed scheme achieves a similar R-D performance to Wang's scheme, as well as obtaining the smallest bit rate mismatch error of all the schemes.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제19C권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2012

네트워크 코딩(Network Coding)은 통신망의 성능 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있으나 이의 소프트웨어적 구현은 부호화/복호화 단계에서 매우 큰 지연시간을 유발할 수 있어 이를 줄일 수 있는 병렬화된 구현이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 랜덤 리니어 네트워크 코딩(Random Linear Network Coding)과 랜덤 리니어 네트워크 코딩의 단점을 보완하고자 최근 제안된 파이프라인 네트워크 코딩(Pipeline Network Coding)의 병렬처리 성능을 비교한다. 또한, 네트워크 코딩의 CPU에서의 병렬처리 기법과 GPGPU(General Purpose Graphics Processing Units)에서의 병렬처리 기법을 비교하여 네트워크 코딩의 사용 시 그 파라미터에 따라 적절한 병렬처리 기법을 선택할 필요성이 있음을 보여준다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.1668-1688
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• 2012

Cooperative communications and network coding schemes have been proposed to increase system throughput for ad hoc networks. In this paper, we present throughput and delay analysis of the new network coding-enabled cooperative MAC protocol called NC-MAC, which has been proposed by us in order to significantly enhance system performance. This protocol introduces an approach that can accommodate both cooperative communication and network coding for wireless ad hoc networks by slightly increasing overhead and modifying standards. The protocol's performance is evaluated using mathematical analysis and computer simulation and two performance measures, system throughput and average channel access delay, are used for a performance comparison with previous schemes. It is assumed that all the frames exchanged over a wireless channel are susceptible to transmission errors, which is a new but more reasonable assumption differentiating this research from previous research. Numerical results show this protocol provides significantly enhanced system performance compared with conventional cooperative MAC protocols used in previous research. For instance, system performance is 47% higher using the NC-MAC protocol than when using the rDCF protocol.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2008

이 논문에서는 OFDM 및 SC-FDE 시스템에서 다이버시티 기술의 적용이 채널부호화율에 미치는 상관관계에 대해서 살펴본다. OFDM 시스템에서는 채널의 다중경로 프로파일에 따라서 적절한 채널부호화율의 결정이 필요하며 순환지연 다이버시티 기술을 적용하는 경우가 시공간 부호화 기술을 적용하는 경우보다 더 낮은 채널부호화율을 필요로 한다. 이에 반해서 OFDM에 DFT 확산을 적용한 SC-FDE 시스템에서는 낮은 채널부호화율을 적용할 필요성이 없으며 다이버시티 기술의 적용과 상관없이 상대적으로 높은 채널부호화율이 사용될 수 있다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2016

This paper presents a channel-adaptive rate control algorithm for low delay video coding. The main goal of the proposed method is to adaptively use the unknown available channel bandwidth while reducing the end-to-end delay between encoder and decoder. The key idea of the proposed algorithm is for the status of the encoder buffer to indirectly reflect the mismatch between the available channel bandwidth and the generated bitrate. Hence, the proposed method fully utilizes the unknown available channel bandwidth by monitoring the encoder buffer status. Simulation results show that although the target bitrate mismatches the available channel bandwidth, the encoder efficiently adapts the given available bandwidth to improve the peak signal-to-noise ratio.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권9A호
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• pp.867-873
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• 2008

Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) is considered as a simple approach to exploit the frequency diversity in OFDM system. In this paper, we apply CDD to the conventional STBC/SFBC/STFBC-OFDM transmit diversity schemes for Rayleigh fading channels. We compare the performances of STBC/SFBC/STFBC with and without CDD schemes. Simulation results show that the combination of block coding with CDD works well when using the ITU-R M. 1225 channel for both Pedestrian A (Ped A) channel with the mobility of 3 km/h, and Vehicular A (Veh A) channel with the mobility of 120km/h. For a BER of $10^{-3}$, compared to the conventional block coding schemes, a gain of 2dB, 4dB, and 5dB is obtained under the Ped A channel environment by STBC-OFDM, SFBC-OFDM and STFBC-OFDM with CDD, respectively Under the Veh A channel. gains by the combined schemes are 6dB, 2dB, and 4dB, respectivcly.