• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2024

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis syn. S. sieboldii) is a widely cultivated crop, and its rhizome is used as a medicinal vegetable. To investigate the causes of viral diseases in Chinese artichokes, the infection rates of four virus species infecting Chinese artichoke were investigated. Since the Chinese artichoke propagates through its tuber, this study aimed to determine whether viral transmission to the progeny is possible through the tuber, by identifying the virus present in the tuber and investigating its accumulation. First, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect viruses using total RNA extracted from the flowers, leaves, and tubers of Chinese artichoke plants. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Chinese artichoke mosaic virus (ChAMV) had high infectivity in Chinese artichoke and most plants were simultaneously infected with AMV and ChAMV. These viruses were present in all tissues, but their detection frequency and accumulation rates varied across different tissues of the Chinese artichoke. Also, we sequenced the coat protein (CP) genes of AMV and ChAMV to investigate genetic variations of virus between the leaf and tuber. It provides information on CP gene sequences and genetic diversity of isolates identified from new hosts of AMV and ChAMV. This study offers valuable insights into the distribution and spread of the ChAMV and AMV within Chinese artichoke plants, which have implications for the management and control of viral infections in crops.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2010

The environmental risks of cucumber mosaic virus resistant transgenic chili peppers with the CMVP0-CP gene on non-target organisms in the agroecosystem environments was evaluated during the periods of the chili pepper growing season (June 19, July 30, August 31) in 2007. Arthropods assemblages leaves and flowers of chili peppers were quantitatively collected by using an insect vacuum collector to compare the arthropod community structures between non-transgenic chili peppers (nTR, P 915) and mosaic virus resistant transgenic chili peppers (TR, CMV-cp, line 7). There was no statistical difference in the arthropod community structure between the two types of crops, nTR and TR, at the same season, although the species richness and Shannon's index were somewhat different among seasons; indicating no effects of genetically modified peppers on the arthropod community. However, further studies were required to conclude more concretely for the potential environmental risk of the transgenic chili pepper of CMV-cp.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2015

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen that causes significant yield reduction in soybean production worldwide. SMV belongs to potyvirus and causes typical symptoms such as mild mosaic, mosaic and necrosis. SMV is seed-borne and also transmitted by aphid. Eleven SMV strains, G1 to G7, G5H, G6H, G7H, and G7a were reported in soybean varieties in Korea. A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method allowed one-step detection of gene amplification by simple procedure and needed only a simple incubator for isothermal template. This RT-LAMP method allowed direct detection of RNA from virus-infected plants without thermal cycling and gel electrophoresis. In this study, we designed RT-LAMP primers named SML-F3/B3/FIP/BIP from coat protein gene sequence of SMV. After the reaction of RT-LAMP, products were identified by electrophoresis and with the detective fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I under daylight and UV light. Optimal reaction condition was at $58^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and the primers of RT-LAMP showed the specificity for nine SMV strains tested in this study.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2013

Potato cv. 'Haryeong' was bred with high solids, resistance to late blight and good culinary quality. It has been registered as new potato variety in 2005. Tuber necrosis symptoms such as severe superficial necrosis, raised surface lesions and ringed necrotic areas were found in tubers of 'Haryeong' during storage of seed potatoes in 2010. Potato virus Y (PVY) was detected from these symptomatic tubers by the analysis of RT-PCR using a primer set specific to coat protein gene of PVY. The nucleotide sequence of RT-PCR product ($PVY^{Hkr}$) was determined and compared to those of other strains, such as $PVY^{Kor}$, $PVY^N$, $PVY^{NTN}$, $PVY^O$, and $PVY^C$ registered in GeneBank. The result showed that $PVY^{Hkr}$ was exactly the same as $PVY^{Kor}$, Korean isolate reported in 2005, except two nucleotides. To verify the PVY was responsible for the tuber necrosis symptoms shown in the tubers of 'Haryeong', a bioassay was done using two viruses (PVY and Potato leafroll virus) and five potato cultivars ('Haryeong', 'Superior', 'Atlantic', 'Dejima', and 'Chubaek'). As expected, the same necrosis symptom appeared in tubers of 'Haryeong' infected with PVY only during the storage period.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2018

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the crops widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas. The papaya fruit has low calories and are plentiful in vitamins A and C and in minerals. A major problem in papaya production is a plant disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The first PRSV-resistant GM papaya expressing a PRSV coat protein gene was developed by USA scientists in 1992. The first commercial GM papaya cultivars derived from the event was approved by the US government in 1997. Development of transgenic papayas has been focused on vaccine production and limited agricultural traits, including insect and pathogen resistance, long shelf life, and aluminum and herbicide tolerance. Approximately 17 countries, including the USA and China, produced transgenic papayas and/or commercialized them, which provoked studies on biosafety assessment and development of GM-detection technologies. For the biosafety assessment of potential effects on human health, effects of long-term feeding to model animals have been studied in terms of toxicity and allergenicity. Studies on environmental safety assessment include influence on soil-microbial biodiversity and transfer to soil bacteria of GM selection markers. Many countries, such as Korea, the European Union, and Japan, that have strict regulations for GM crops have serious concerns about unintended introduction of GM cultivars and food commodities using unauthorized GM crops. Transgene- and/or GM event-specific molecular markers and technologies for genomics-based detection of unauthorized GM papaya have been developed and have resulted in the robust detection of GM papayas.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2012

In Iran, $Plasmodium$ $vivax$ is responsible for more than 80% of the infected cases of malaria per year. Control interventions for vivax malaria in humans rely mainly on developed diagnostic methods. Recombinant $P.$ $vivax$ apical membrane antigen-1 (rPvAMA-1) has been reported to achieve designing rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis. This study aimed to perform isolation and expression of a rPvAMA-1, derived from Iranian patients residing in an endemic area. Then, the diagnostic efficiency of the characterized Iranian PvAMA-1 was assessed using an indirect ELISA method. For this purpose, a partial region of AMA-1 gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in pET32a plasmid. The recombinant $His-tagged$ protein was purified and used to coat the ELISA plate. Antibody detection was assessed by indirect ELISA using rPvAMA-1. The validity of the ELISA method for detection of anti-$P.$ $vivax$ antibodies in the field was compared to light microscopy on 84 confirmed $P.$ $vivax$ patients and compared to 84 non-$P.$ $vivax$ infected individuals. The ELISA cut-off value was calculated as the mean+2SD of OD values of the people living in malaria endemic areas from a south part of Iran. We found a cut-off point of OD=0.311 that showed the best correlation between the sera confirmed with $P.$ $vivax$ infection and healthy control sera. A sensitivity of 81.0% and specificity of 84.5% were found at this cut off titer. A good degree of statistical agreement was found between ELISA using rPvAMA-1 and light microscopy (0.827) by Kappa analysis.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2003

An isolate of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was isolated from potato cultivar ‘Chubak’ showing vein clearing and mild mosaic at Namhae in Korea. This isolate, TMV-St, was differentiated from other tobamoviruses based on biological properties, serological relationships and nucleotide sequence analyses of coat protein genes. TMV-St caused typical symptoms on four indicator plants as compared to the tobamovirus of TMV-U1, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), which caused economic losses in Solanaceous vegetables, tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Remarkably, the TMV-St induced distinctly different symptom of systemic chlorotic spots on Chenophodium murale. On C. murale, Gomphorena globosa, and Nic-otiana rustica, the four viruses were classed by the virulence of systemic or local infections. In serological test TMV-St antiserum showed a precipitation line with each other tabamovirus. The CP gene of TMV-St contain 477 nucleotides, and the nucleotides sequence was the most similar to that of TMV-U1.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.233-236
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• 2019

Citrus vein enation virus (CVEV), which was regulated as a quarantine virus in Korea, was firstly found on Jeju Island in 2017. In February 2018, a survey was carried out to determine the distribution of CVEV in the main commercial areas growing Citrus spp. and Poncirus trifoliata. The survey was performed at 203 groves in the southern Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. CVEV infection was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection and sequencing. The coat protein (CP) gene sequences obtained from the CVEV-infected samples showed high similarities (more than 98%) to the previously reported CVEV CP sequences. In summary, CVEV was detected in 136 groves (67%), in which 85.4% of Citrus junos and 77.8% of Citrus unshiu were infected by CVEV. In Jeju Island, the infection rate of CVEV was relatively higher (90.6%). Our result revealed that CVEV has spread widely in Citrus and Poncirus in Korea. Based on the result, the Korean quarantine agency decide to exclude CVEV from quarantine in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 1994

Lipoxygenase activity of soybean seeds of approximately 507 genotypes as well as its inheritance and selection efficiency in early breeding generation was measured in the Department of Agronomy, Seoul National University to facilitate breeding for low lipoxygenase activity of soybean. Average seed lipoxygenase activity of 507 cultivars and strains was 350 unit (unit: $\Delta$0.01 /min. /mg at 234nm) and ranged from 50 to 670 unit. There was no difference in mean lipoxygenase activity according to apparent seed characters such as seed coat and embryo color. But early mature soybean genotypes had fairly low lipoxygenase activity. Lipoxygenase activity was inherited quantitatively, in which additive effect was greater than dominant one and proportion of gene with positive effects was similar to that with negative ones. Estimated narrow- and broad-sense heritabilities were 0.78 and 0.86 for lipoxygenase activity, respectively. Heritability measured from selection in early breeding lines for high or low lipoxygenase activity was 64~76% or 54~62%, respectively. And selection for high lipoxygenase activity increased by 29.7~44.7%, whereas that for low ones decreased by 21.8~27.3%, respectively, when compared to random population. Clear effect in selecting of lipoxygenase activity was present in early generation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 1994

Oligonucleotides for a conserved region of the coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and a hammerhead structure ribozyme against CMV RNA were synthesized using a DNA synthesizer. Both strands of oligonucleotides were annealed and restricted with BamHI/SacI, then cloned into a plasmid pBS SK (+). The cloned CMV substrate and ribozyme were sequenced to verify correct constructions. In vitro transcriptions were carried out by using T7 RNA polymerase with BssHII or SspI digests of $1\;{\mu}g$ of substrate and ribozyme clones. The size of substrate RNA was 176 nucleotides (nt) containing 50 nt of CMV RNA sequence, 6 nt of XbaI restriction site and 120 nt of vector-derived sequence in the case of BssHII digest. The size of ribozyme RNA was 164 nt containing 40 nt of ribozyme RNA sequence and same sequences of substrate. Substrate RNA was efficiently cleaved into two fragments (96 nt and 80 nt) by ribozyme RNA. This endonucleolytic cleavage occurred more efficiently at $55^{\circ}C$ than $37^{\circ}C$. SspI digest-derived substrate RNA (2234 nt) was also cleaved into two fragments by the same ribozyme. SspI digest-derived ribozyme RNA (2222 nt) cleaved the above substrate to two fragments. In vitro-tested ribozyme construct is being cloned into a plant transformation vector to develop virus-resistant plants.