• 통상정보연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.277-295
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• 2007

This paper presents the ODR phenomenon with a specific focus on regulatory problems. It argues that the current regulatory framework for online dispute resolution is, to a large extent, defective. Existing deficiencies result not only from a lack of comprehensive ODR law, but also from the weakness of the other modalities of regulation : norms and market. The current today's approach to regulating ODR has been unsuccessful, and it is time to re-examine that position. I would like to say that suggesting details of the optimal ODR regulatory framework is beyond the scope of this paper. From a broader perspective, the field of ODR seems to be not sufficiently regulated. Neither by law, nor by the restrains set by other norms or market. Given the current weakness of the modalities of regulation, online dispute resolution requires greater institutional and international support. It appears that adoption of internationally harmonized ODR law would not hamper the development of norms and market, but rather support their proper growth. As a result, the co-regulation approach recommended in this paper is different from both traditional state-oriented models of regulation and self-regulatory systems. Arguably, this co-regulation approach is the optimal model for regulation of online dispute resolution under current circumstances.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2023

The Personal Information Protection Commission has been promoting the adoption of co-regulation to replace/improve the existing self-regulation programs since 2022. While the Commission's co-regulation framework has received positive feedback for its contribution to address the regulatory issues, it has also faced criticism for being seen as "co-regulation in appearance only without any real differentiation from existing self-regulation." This study aims to examine the case of industry-specific co-regulation proposed by the Personal Information Protection Commission, with the objectives of 1) determining whether their approach can be categorized as a type of co-regulation with differentiation from the existing self-regulation programs, and 2) proposing improvements for successful regulation. The 'co-regulation' of the Commission can be classified as a form of co-regulation that differs with traditional self-regulation, as it involves government and private organizations collaborating to establish self regulatory codes reflecting industry-specific characteristics as well as provides interest groups with incentives to comply with the codes. The co-regulation framework is evaluated to some extent as successful, but there is still room for improvement in three major aspects. (1) When selecting the areas for co-regulation, a focus should be placed on areas where technological changes are rapid, and government regulations should be applied in areas where they are not. (2) It is necessary to enhance the expertise of regulatory agencies, and (3) ensuring the democratic nature of regulation, such as encouraging the participation of civil organizations, is necessary.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2007

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to negatively control protein-coding genes by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm. In innate immunity, the role of miRNA gene silencing is largely unknown. In this study, we performed microarray-based experiments using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages derived from wild-type, MyD88 knockout (KO), TRIF KO, and MyD88/TRIF double KO mice. We employed a statistical approach to determine the importance of the commonality and specificity of miRNA binding sites among groups of temporally co-regulated genes. We demonstrate that both commonality and specificity are irrelevant to define a priori groups of co-down regulated genes. In addition, analyzing the various experimental conditions, we suggest that miRNA regulation may not only be a late-phase process (after transcription) but can also occur even early (1h) after stimulation in knockout conditions. This further indicates the existence of dynamic interactions between miRNA and signaling molecules/transcription factor regulation; this is another proof for the need of shifting from a 'hard-wired' paradigm of gene regulation to a dynamical one in which the gene co-regulation is established on a case-by-case basis.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.133-145
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• 2018

본 논문은 최근 급성장하고 있는 공유경제플랫폼에 대한 바람직한 규제 방안을 논하고 있다. 디지털 기술의 발전과 혁신은 새로운 서비스, 새로운 경제, 산업 가치의 창출이라는 기대도 큰 반면, 기존 산업과의 이해 충돌에서 발생하는 사회적 신뢰 문제에 대한 우려와 도전, 과제들을 야기한다. 공유경제 역시 새로운 수요와 공급을 창출하고 혁신적인 거래방식으로 전 세계적으로 빠른 성장을 하고 있지만, 아직도 주요 도시에서는 기존 산업 가치와의 충돌이 야기하는 문제에 대해 제도적 측면에서의 한계점이 노출되고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 최소화하기 위해 일정 수준의 규제가 필요함을 전제로 규제과정에서 수반되는 사회적 비용 최소화를 위해서 공유경제 특성을 고려한 공동규제(Co-regulation) 접근방안이 바람직함을 제안하고 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제63권
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• pp.159-184
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• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.184.1-184.1
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• 2003

HDAC and HAT (histone acetyltransferase) are involved in co-regulation in chromatin remodeling and the functional regulation of gene transcription. Abnormal recruitment of HDAC is related to carcinogenesis. Thus, the identification of potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has been considered as very intriguing approach for development for cancer chemotherapy. More recently, anti-inflammatory activity of SAHA cytokines was reported via reduction of proinflammatory cytokinres in vitro and in vivo. (omitted)

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2006

This paper presents a new approach for optimal dispatch of energy and frequency regulation reserve considering contingency in a competitive electricity market. It is necessary to introduce the reserve market with the spot energy market for operating efficiently and obtaining the security of the electricity market. However, the reserve market is closely connected with the energy market since the energy and reserve are produced from the same resources. Thus, it is inevitable to co-optimize the energy and ancillary service for efficient operation of energy and ancillary service market. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method for optimal dispatch of energy and frequency regulation reserve considering n-1 contingency of generator and transmission line using constraints and sensitivity based on AC power flow To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the numerical studies have been performed for 5-bus sample system and modified IEEE 14-bus system.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.145-159
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• 2016

본 연구는 최근 시장규모가 급격히 커지고 있는 주문형서비스(Video on Demand) 광고의 심의 규제를 위한 입법 공백의 문제점을 지적하고, 이를 위한 해결방안으로 통합방송법(안) 내 유사방송서비스 정의 및 규제를 위한 법적 근거를 마련하되 공동규제(Co-Regulation) 방식 채택을 제언하고 있다. 유료방송플랫폼 사업자들은 VoD 시청 규모 증가를 발판으로 VoD 광고를 수익모델로 삼아 제공 중에 있는데 실시간방송광고가 엄격한 심의 규제를 받는 반면, VoD 광고는 그렇지 못하다. 그 이유는 방송법을 비롯한 국내 법령에서는 VoD 및 VoD 광고 심의 규제를 위한 법적 근거가 부재하고, 광고 내용에 대한 규제는 사업자간 자율규제체계에 의존하고 있기 때문이다. 사업자 중심의 자율규제체계 하에서는 이용자(특히 어린이, 청소년과 같은 소수계층) 보호에 한계가 있고, 사업자가 광고주 영향력에 취약하며, 규제 실효성을 담보할 수 없다는 한계점을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 VoD 광고의 내용 규제 방향을 세 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 첫째, 영국, 캐나다, 유럽연합(EU), 아일랜드와 같은 해외 주요국의 VoD 광고 규제 사례조사를 수행하였다. 각 국은 VoD 및 VoD 광고에 대한 법적 근거를 방송법 내지 그에 파생된 법령을 통해 확보하고 있었으며, 방송통신규제 기관 중심으로 심의규제를 하되 공동규제 방식을 채택하고 있었다. 둘째, VoD 광고 규제의 목적과 영역 측면에서 검토하였다. 본 연구가 제안하는 VoD 광고 규제의 목적은 이용자 보호이어야 하며, 그 영역은 내용심의로 제언하고 있다. 셋째, VoD 광고규제를 입법론 차원에서 검토하였다. 법적 근거는 일반법인 통합방송법(안)에 마련하되, 공동규제 방식 채택을 권고하였다. 개별법보다는 일반법을 권고한 이유는 VoD 서비스는 유사방송의 특성을 가지며 VoD를 제공하는 사업자가 유료방송사업자라는 지위 측면에서 통합방송법(안)에서 수용하는 것이 합리적이라는 점, 규제기관의 전문성 측면에서 실시간 방송광고를 심의하는 기관이 감독기능 및 지침제 개정 승인권을 보유하는 것이 일관성이 있다는 점에 근거한다. 본 연구가 제안한 VoD 광고에 대한 내용 심의 규제가 가능해진다면 광고 심의의 사각지대였던 VoD 광고 심의를 통해 이용자보호에 보다 충실할 수 있을 것이고, 자율규제체계가 가진 지속가능성 측면에서의 취약성을 어느 정도 극복할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2003

During the past 100 years, Korean fisheries management policies have enforced the license system, it is the most typical regulation system in Korean fisheries. Even now, it has caused resource management failure, it has also invited economic inefficiency and inequity. Accordingly, the Korean government has recently introduced the self-regulatory management system for fishermen with the TAC system. These systems are one of the most market-oriented regulation systems in fisheries management systems. It is defined as regulatory policy tools other than regulations with command and control approach. It is also called “alternatives” which is composed of regulatory alternatives and non-regulatory alternatives. The self-regulatory management system and the ITQ system are cooperative-based co-management between government and fishermen as an alternative management strategy ; it is gaining the increasing attention to improve the effectiveness of fisheries management in Korea. It is expected not only to positively improve function in fisheries regulation, but also to decrease inefficiency in fisheries policies. However, these systems have many problems. The monopolization of rent is one of the typical examples. As solutions for the problem in the aspect of fishery management, fisheries policy is need of approach to industrial organization. For instance, Contestable market theory is one of the good theoretical background, it mean that market is able to free entry and free exit. Thus, fisheries management carry out policies such as revitalization of the used market of capital goods in fisheries, organize of the self-regulatory management group. Conclusively, as the exploiters and managers, fishers and the government should put emphasis on improving economic efficiency so that fishery would grow as an industry that contributes to the increase of social welfare, and the change to that direction will be the only way for our fisheries to preserve its importance.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.454-461
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• 2010

The new SOLAS regulation permits the alternative design approach for the approval of designs which deviate from those where prescriptive rules apply. The new approach is being promoted by recent advances of noble designs such as those employing large public spaces in passenger ships. From the respect of fire safety, it is needed to show that the level of safety of new design is equivalent to what can be achieved from the prescriptive rules where the fire simulation is regarded to be the essential tool. This paper provides an overview of the process of performance-based design of the smoke extraction system in a cafeteria of a ROPAX. FDS, a CFD fire simulation software is used to show that the field-model software can improve the fire safety over what are expected from prescriptive rule sets or zone-model application.