• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2012

High-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) is a redundancy protocol for Ethernet networks that provides two frame copies for each frame sent. Each copy will pass through separate physical paths, pursuing zero fault recovery time. This means that even in the case of a node or a link failure, there is no stoppage of network operations whatsoever. HSR is a potential candidate for the communications of a smart grid, but its main drawback is the unnecessary traffic created due to the duplicated copies of each sent frame, which are generated and circulated inside the network. This downside will degrade network performance and might cause network congestion or even stoppage. In this paper, we present two approaches to solve the above-mentioned problem. The first approach is called quick removing (QR), and is suited to ring or connected ring topologies. The idea is to remove the duplicated frame copies from the network when all the nodes have received one copy of the sent frame and begin to receive the second copy. Therefore, the forwarding of those frame copies until they reach the source node, as occurs in standard HSR, is not needed in QR. Our example shows a traffic reduction of 37.5%compared to the standard HSR protocol. The second approach is called the virtual ring (VRing), which divides any closed-loop HSR network into several VRings. Each VRing will circulate the traffic of a corresponding group of nodes within it. Therefore, the traffic in that group will not affect any of the other network links or nodes, which results in an enhancement of traffic performance. For our sample network, the VRing approach shows a network traffic reduction in the range of 67.7 to 48.4%in a healthy network case and 89.7 to 44.8%in a faulty network case, compared to standard HSR.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.518-528
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• 2009

IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) has become the prevailing solution for wireless Internet access while transport control protocol (TCP) is the dominant transport-layer protocol in the Internet. It is known that, in an infrastructure-based WLAN with multiple stations carrying long-lived TCP flows, the number of TCP stations that are actively contending to access the wireless channel remains very small. Hence, the aggregate TCP throughput is basically independent of the total number of TCP stations. This phenomenon is due to the closed-loop nature of TCP flow control and the bottleneck downlink (i.e., access point-to-station) transmissions in infrastructure-based WLANs. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive analytical model to study TCP dynamics in infrastructure-based 802.11 WLANs. We calculate the average number of active TCP stations and the aggregate TCP throughput using our model for given total number of TCP stations and the maximum TCP receive window size. We find out that the default minimum contention window sizes specified in the standards (i.e., 31 and 15 for 802.11b and 802.11a, respectively) are not optimal in terms of TCP throughput maximization. Via ns-2 simulation, we verify the correctness of our analytical model and study the effects of some of the simplifying assumptions employed in the model. Simulation results show that our model is reasonably accurate, particularly when the wireline delay is small and/or the packet loss rate is low.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.403-415
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• 1998

The CANDU 6 reactor assembly consists of an array of 380 pressure tubes, which are installed horizontally in a large cylindrical vessel, the Calandria, containing the low pressure heavy water moderator. The pressure tube is located inside the calandria tube and the annulus between these tubes, which forms a closed loop with $CO_2$ gas recirculating, is called the Annulus Gas System(AGS). It is designed to give an alarm to the operator even for a small pressure tube leak by a very sensitive dew point meter so that he can take a preventive action for the pressure tube rupture incident. To judge whether the operator action time is enough or not in the design of Wolsong 2,3 & 4, the Leak Before Break(LBB) assessment is required for the analysis of the pressure tube failure accident. In order to provide the required data for the LBB assessment of Wolsong Units 2, 3, 4, a series of leak detection capability tests was performed by injecting controlled rates of heavy water vapour. The data of increased dew point and rates of rise were measured to determine the alarm set point for the dew point rate of rise of Wolsong Unit 2. It was found that the response of the dew point depends on the moisture injection rate, $CO_2$ gas flow rate and the leak location. The test showed that CANDU 6 AGS can detect the very small leaks less than few g/hr and dew point rate of rise alarm can be the most reliable alarm signal to warn the operator. Considering the present results, the first response time of dew point to the AGS $CO_2$ flow rate is approximated.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2015

Recently, interest in research and development (R&D) investment decisions have increased among Korean domestic enterprises. However, existing R&D investment studies only focused on government R&D investment policies while only a few studies investigated firm level R&D investment. Prior literatures also overlooked the feedback loop between R&D investment and firm performance. Therefore, this paper identifies a system dynamics model for R&D investment decision making in domestic electronics firms. The conceptual model is derived from R&D investment-related theories found in bodies of literature on company performance, enterprise activity, and market maturity. This study investigates the dynamic feedback between R&D activities and sales using the system dynamics model. In other words, the system dynamics model is used to explain the change in the closed feedback circulation structure in R&D investment activities including technology development, production process, and marketing that subsequently result in sales increase and re-investment into R&D from the generated revenues. There are two major results. First, a similar ratio of investment on technology development and production process derives the higher company sales. Second, regardless of market maturity, marketing investment ratio positively affects sales and R&D budget growth. This study provides a system dynamics model to find the optimal ratio for R&D investment and suggests managerial strategic implications on electronic firm R&D investment decision making under market maturity condition.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 ITC-CSCC -1
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• pp.101-104
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• 2000

Nowadays, the issue of congestion control in high-speed communication networks becomes critical in view of the bandwidth-delay products for efficient data flow. In particular, the fact that the congestion is often accompanied by the data flow from the high-speed link to low-speed link is important with respect to the stability of closed-loop congestion control. The Virtual-Connection Network (VCN) in Gigabit Ethernet networks is a packet-switching based network capable of implementing cell- based connection, link-by-link flow-controlled connection, and single- or multi-destination virtual connections. VCN described herein differ from the virtual channel in ATM literature in that VCN have link-by-link flow control and can be of multi-destination. VCNs support both connection-oriented and connectionless data link layer traffic. Therefore, the worst collision scenario in Ethernet CSMA/CD with virtual collision brings about end-to-end delay. Gigabit Ethernet networks based on CSMA/CD results in non-deterministic behavior because its media access rules are based on random probability. Hence, it is difficult to obtain any sound mathematical formulation for congestion control without employing random processes or fluid-flow models. In this paper, an analytical method for the design of a congestion control scheme is proposed based on Smith＇s principle to overcome instability accompanied with the increase of end-to-end delays as well as to avoid cell losses. To this end, mathematical analysis is provided such that the proposed control scheme guarantees the performance improvement with respect to bandwidth and latency for selected network links with different propagation delays. In addition, guaranteed bandwidth is to be implemented by allowing individual stations to burst several frames at a time without intervening round-trip idle time.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2005

본 논문은 특이시스템과 곱셈형 섭동을 가지는 제어기에 대한 비약성 $H_{\infty}$ 제어기 설계 알고리듬을 제안한다. 제어기가 존재할 조건과 비약성 $H_{\infty}$ 제어기 설계 방법 및 제어기에서의 비약성 척도를 선형행렬부등식 접근방법으로 제안한다. 또한, 특이치 분해와 변수치환 및 슈어 여수정리를 이용하여 구한 충분조건은 구하고자 하는 모든 변수의 견지에서 볼록최적화(convex optimization)가 가능한 하나의 선형행렬부등식으로 변형된다. 따라서, 제안한 비약성 $H_{\infty}$ 제어기는 점근적 안정성과 폐루프 특이시스템의 $H_{\infty}$ 노옴 유계 및 제어기의 곱셈형 섭동에 대한 안정성을 보장한다. 또한, 제안한 알고리듬을 이용하면 변수 불확실성을 가지는 특이시스템에 대한 강인 비약성 $H_{\infty}$ 제어기 설계 문제에도 쉽게 확장됨을 보인다. 마지막으로, 수치예제를 통하여 제안한 알고리듬의 타당성을 검증한다.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 구조화된 어파인(affine) 파라미터 불확실성을 가지는 시변 선형시스템과 구조적 불확실성을 가지는 상태궤환 제어기에 대한 견실 비약성 H∞ 제어기 설계방법을 다루었다. 또한 견실 비약성 H∞ 제어기가 존재할 충분조건, 제어기 설계방법 및 비약성을 만족하는 제어기의 꽉찬 집합(compact set)을 제시하였다. 이 때 제시한 조건은 변수치환과 슈어 여수(Schur complement)정리를 통하여 선형행렬부등식 (LMI : Linear Matrix Inequality)의 계수가 꽉찬 집합 내의 파라미터의 함수로 정의되는 파라미터화 선형 행렬부등식(PLMls: parameterized Linear Matrix Inequalities)으로 표현되므로 분리 볼록개념 (separated convexity concepts)에 기초한 완화기법을 이용하여 유한개의 LMI로 변환하였다. 그리고 본론문에서 제시한 견실 비약성 H∞ 제어기가 제어기이득의 변화에도 불구하고 폐루프시스템의 점근적 안정성 (asymptotic stability)과 외란감쇠 성능을 보장함을 보였다.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 시변 시간지연을 가지는 이산 선형 불확실성 시스템에 대한 보장 비용 제어문제를 다룬다. 본 논문에서 다루는 불확실성 시스템은 시변 노옴 한정 파라미터 불확실성을 가진다. 모든 허용 가능한 불확실성에 대해 폐루프 시스템이 자승적으로 안정하고 성능을 보장하는 제어기가 존재할 충분조건과 설계방법에 대해 논의한다. 또한, 변수 치환과 Schur 여수정리 등을 이용하여 충분조건을 모든 변수에 대한 선형 행렬 부등식(linear matrix inequality)으로 표현한다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2009

본 논문은 무선 센서 네트워크를 위한 패킷 손실을 포함하는 비선형 네트워크 제어 시스템의 관측기 기반 지능 제어기를 제시한다. 비선형 시스템의 지능 제어를 위해 Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) 퍼지 모델링 기법을 이용하고, 이를 통하여 비선형 네트워크 제어 시스템을 퍼지 모델로 표현한다. 퍼지 모델로 표현된 네트워크 제어 시스템에 대하여 퍼지 관측기를 설계하고, 관측기의 측정치와 실제 시스템의 상태변수 간의 오차를 안정화 시킬 수 있는 출력 궤환 제어기를 설계한다. 제안된 제어기를 포함한 폐루프 시스템의 안정도 조건을 선형 행렬 부등식으로 나타내고, 부등식을 이용하여 제어기의 이득값을 구한다. 모의실험을 통하여 제어기의 효용성을 평가한다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2014

소뇌 운동실조는 점차 진행되는 신경퇴행질병이며 운동 조절을 위한 기능의 상실을 동반하기에 환자의 삶을 심각하게 저하시킨다. 소뇌 운동실조 환자는 운동제어 과정에서 부적절한 폐회로 소뇌 반응으로 인해 운동 명령이 제한된다. 본 논문에서는 최근 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스 기술을 이용하여 소뇌의 이상으로 인한 운동실조 환자들이 외부기기를 제어할 수 있도록 운동상상 기반의 뇌파의 특성을 분석하고 이를 이용한 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스 기법을 제안한다. 뇌파 기반의 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스의 효용성을 검증하기 위하여 소뇌 운동실조 환자와 정상인 그룹에서 운동상상에 따른 뮤밴드 파워를 조절하는 능력을 비교하였다. 이를 통하여 소뇌 운동실조 환자에의 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스의 가능성을 보여준다.