• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.45-60
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• 2002

Mouse calvarial osteoblast cells were isolated and cultured. To examine whether the cells produce active gelatinases in culture medium or not,the cells were analyzed using by zymograsphic analysis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We show that mouse calvarial osteoblasts in culture constitutively synthesize progelatinase- A. Then, mouse osteoblasts, which were stimulated by PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, mononuclear cell conditioned medium (MCM) and IL-1 as bone resorption agent's, showed increased collagenolysis by producing the active gelatinase. However, treatment of indomethacin and dexamethasone significantly decreased those effects of collagenolysis in mouse osteoblastic cells. On the other hand, IL-1 in stimulating bone resorption was examined using fetal mouse long bone organ culture. IL-1 stimulated bone resorption and produced marked resorption when present simultaneously. Furthermore, when it was examined the effects of indomethacin and dexamethasone on the dose dependent responses of $IL-1{\alpha}$, indomethacin and dexametasone produced a rightward shift in the IL-1 dose response curve. The results of in vitro cytotoxicities showed that Taeyoungjon-Jahage water extracts(T.Y.J-J.H.G extracts) have no any cytotoxicities in concentrations of $1-200\;{\mu}g/ml$ and furthermore there is no any cytotoxicity even in concentration of $300\;{\mu}g/ml$ on mouse calvarial bone cells. T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts had protective activity against PTH (2 units/mI), or MCM (5%, v/v), or $rhIL-1{\alpha}$ (1 ng/mI) or $1,25(OH)_2D3$ (10 ng/ml) , $IL-1{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ collagenolysis in the mouse calvarial cells. Pretreatment of the T.Y.J.-J.H.G.extracts for 1 h, which by itself had little effect on cell survival, did not enhance the collagenolysis, nor significantly reduced the collagenolysis by pretreatment. Furthermore. the medicinal extracts were shown to have the protective effects against collagenolysis induced by $IL-1{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$. Pretreatment of the extracts for 1 h significantly reduced the collagenolysis. Interestingly, the T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts were shown to have the inhibiting effects against gelatinase enzyme and processing activity induced by the bone resortion agents of PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IL-1{\alpha}$, with strong protective effect in pretreatment with the extracts. T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts were shown to have the inhibiting effects against $IL-1{\alpha}-$ and $IL-1{\beta}-stimulated$ bone resorption and the effect of the pretreatment with a various concentrations of the medicinal extracts were significant. The inhibition extent and phenomena of IL-1 stimulated bone resorption by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents of indomethacin and dexamethasone were similar to those obtained by T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts treatment in the mouse calvarial tissue culture system. These results indicated that the T.Y.J.-J.H.G.-water extracts are highly stable and applicable to clinical uses in osteoporosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.393-399
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• 1994

Spinal cord compression, an oncologic emergency, is a rare complication of hematologic malignancy Our experience was obtained with a series 32 Patients following retrospective analysis for assessing the role of radiation therapy and identifying the prognostic factors affecting on treatment outcome. Diagnosis was usually made by means of radiologic study such as myelography or computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurologic examination. Five cases were diagnosed by subjective symptom only with high index of suspicion. In 31 cases, the treatment consisted in radiation therapy alone and the remained one patient had laminectomy before radiation therapy because of diagnostic doubts. Total treatment doses ranged from 800 cGy to 4000 cGy with median of 2000 cGy. Initially large fraction size more than 250 cGy were used in 13 patients with rapidly progressed neurologic deficit. The clinical parameters considered in evaluating the response to treatment were backache, motor-sensory performance and sphincter function. Half of all patients showed good response. Partial response and no response were noted in $37.5\%$ and $12.5\%$, respectively. Our results showed higher response rate than those of other solid tumor series. The degree of neurologic deficit at that time of diagnosis was the most important predictor of treatment outcome. The elapsed time from development of symptoms to start of treatment was significantly affected on the outcome. But histology of primary tumor total dose and use of initial large fraction size were not significantly affect on the outcome. These results confirmed the value of early diagnosis and treatment especially in radiosensitive hematologic malignancy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical relevance and effectiveness of ovariectomy (OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in terms of postoperative pain behavior and surgical stress. Thirteen healthy intact mongrel purpose-bred female dogs were used in this study. OVE was performed in six dogs whereas OVH was performed in seven dogs. Prior to, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, pain assessment was performed by using the Short form of Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and blood analysis for the determination of glucose, creatine kinase (CK), and cortisol were done. Also, surgical time, duration of anesthesia, and incision length were compared between two groups. As a result, OVH group as opposed to OVE group showed significantly longer in surgical time, duration of anesthesia, and incision length. Also, based on the two-way ANOVA test, the CMPS-SF had significant differences (p < 0.05) between two groups, with the OVE dogs having lower values at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postoperatively. In addition, in terms of CK, the value at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h were significantly (p < 0.05) increased from the baseline value for the OVH group. However, as for CK in OVE group, the values at 4, 6, and 12 h were significantly increased from the baseline value. As for blood glucose, a significant (p < 0.05) increase from the baseline was shown at 1 h postoperatively in OVH group and no significant increase was shown in OVE group. In terms of serum cortisol level, the values at the 1 and 2 h were significantly (p < 0.05) increased from the baseline value for both groups. In conclusion, our study has shown that OVE can be considered as a superior choice in terms of sterilization technique in female dogs, considering shorter incision length, surgical time, duration of anesthesia along with lower pain and surgical stress response than OVH.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-56
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of musical activities on children's aggressiveness using percussion playing through case studies and to present the therapeutic programs. Musical activities using percussion playing were organized for three aggressive children. Twenty-one small group sessions were conducted over seven weeks with 30 minutes given each session. Fourth-grade children involved in using Aggressiveness Measuring Tool for Teachers-revised by Gwak Geum-Joo(1992) was selected for case studies. Children's impulsiveness was also tested through self-test measuring tool for impulsiveness-revision of 16 questions used by Cho Hae Yeon (2001) and Lee Joo Shik (2003). As quantitative method, comparative analysis was made between the pre and post test results using measuring tools for aggressiveness and impulsiveness of children as well as between aggressive behaviors occurring in the initial stage of the first three sessions and in the latter stage of the last three sessions. Qualitative method was used at the same time to examine the effect of percussion playing on children. After the musical activities, child A showed reduced Aggressive Measuring Tool scores from 19 to 18, with child B from 23 to 19 and child C from 21 to 18. The results show that occurrence of aggressive behaviors were lowered in the post test. Impulsiveness Measuring Tool scores in the post test were decreased as well in all three children. During the music therapy programs, it was also observed that the frequency of the target behaviors in all three children has reduced more in the latter stage than the initial stage of music therapy. The qualitative findings indicate that the children experienced releasing stress through self-expression after percussion playing. These findings indicate therapeutic effectiveness of music therapy using on percussion playing in reducing aggressiveness of children as well as the effectiveness of percussion as a therapeutic intervention for aggressive children. These results can be adapted and reapplied by teachers in primary schools to approach children with behavior problems, and can present a useful therapeutic approach to therapists practicing in clinical environments.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2010

Purpose : To verify the effect of hyperglycemia on mortality rates in critically ill children and to identify the blood glucose level that influences prognosis. Methods : From July 2006 to June 2008, a total of 206 patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Asan Medical Center and who survived for more than 7 days were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the maximum glucose value within 7 days in PICU, PRISM-III score and SOFA score within 24 hours, and mortality. We did not perform an adjustment analysis of drugs affecting glucose level. Results : The maximum glucose level within 7 days in PICU was higher in the nonsurvival group than in the survival group. Using 4 cutoff values (125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/dL), the mortality of patients with hyperglycemia was found to be 13.0 %, 14.4%, 19.8%, and 21.1%, respectively, and the cutoff values of 175 and 200 mg/dL revealed significant differences in mortalities between the hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups. The PRISM-III score was not significantly different between the hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups under a glucose cutoff value of 175 mg/dL, but the SOFA score was higher in the hyperglycemic group. Under a glucose cutoff value of 200 mg/dL, the PRISM-III score was higher in the hyperglycemic group, and the SOFA score did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusion : Hyperglycemia with a maximal glucose value ${\geq}175\;mg/dL$ during the first 7 days after PICU admission was associated with increased mortality in critically ill children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.364-372
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• 2010

Purpose : Good adherence of caregivers is essential for successful health outcomes in the treatment of childhood asthma. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors contributing to good adherence of maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma. Methods : Children with well-controlled asthma being treated with a daily controller for at least 3 months in Korea University Anam Hospital were selected. Their caregivers who had good adherence to maintenance treatment were recruited. Qualitative study through in-depth interviews was conducted with 18 caregivers who agreed to the study. Results : The 18 caregivers (mean age, 40.0 years) consisted of 15 mothers, 2 grandmothers, and 1 father. The resulting consensus were identified and grouped into 2 domains: the caregiver/patient aspect with 8 theme factors and the treatment aspect with 4 theme factors. The main theme factors in the caregiver/patient aspect were enabling participation in physical activities and exercise (77.8%), perceptions regarding asthma and the need for long-term treatment (50.0%), and perceived value of the medications outweighing the risk of side effects (38.9%). The main theme factors in the treatment aspect were trust in the physician (77.8%), general satisfaction with the manner and attitude of the physician (77.8%) and verification of the necessity of further treatment by performing tests (38.9%). Conclusion : Efforts to improve caregivers' adherence to the treatment of childhood asthma must include a range of factors related to both caregiver/patient aspects and treatment aspects. Among all of these factors, it may be most important to establish a physician-caregiver partnership.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and patterns of fractures occurred in Inline skating accident. Materials and Method: We evaluated 20 patients, 20 cases(from september 2002 to August 2003) with fractures occurred during Inline skating. The incidence, sex, age, fracture site, associated injuries, causes of Inline skating injuries were analysed. The cases were male in 18(90$\%$), and female in 2(10$\%$). The most common distribution of age was in twenties and thirties. Result: The patients(12cases 60$\%$) with upper extremity fracture were more common than patients(8cases 40$\%$) with lower extremity fracture. Patients who had fracture in ankle were 35$\%$(7cases), forearm 20$\%$(4cases), wrist 20$\%$(4cases), elbow 15$\%$(3cases), thigh 5$\%$(1cases). According to the The Lauge-Hansen classification in ankle fractures there were four patients of supination-external rotation type, two patients of supination-abduction type, and 1 patient of pronation-external rotation type. In forearm and hand fractures, there were three distal radius fractures, one radio-ulnar shaft fracture, 2 scaphoid fractures, and two meta-carpal fractures. In elbow fractures, there were two supracondyle fractures, and one lateral condyle fracture. There were three epiphyseal plate injuries (Salt-Harris type II) in children, and all of them were treated by conservative method. Six fractures were intra-articular fractures. The most common associated injury was contusion(8cases 42.1$\%$). The number of patients who only rode Inline skating less than 3months(8cases 40$\%$) was the greatest. The number of non-contact injury(14cases, 70$\%$) in Inline skating was more than contact(6cases,30$\%$) injury. 11cases(55$\%$) had operative treatment, and 9cases(45$\%$) had conservative treatment, and there was not any complication. The more detailed study is required since the materials were only limited to fracture patients, and the follow up period was short. Conclusion: The most common age for fracture in Inline skating was in twenties, and thirties, and ankle was the most common fracture site.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2006

Headache is a common disease which influences not only individually but also socially. Temporomandibular disorders(TMD) refers to pain and dysfunction within the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) and associated muscles. TMD is presented commonly, and 70% of population are found to have one or more related symptom. A number of studies have been conducted to verify the association between headache and TMD, and some authors have proposed that headache and TMD may be related. In this study, we studied the patterns of headache presented by the patients who visited the TMJ and Orofacial pain clinic. Among the patients participated in this study, tension type headache showed the highest prevalence(48.5%), followed by migraine without aura(15.0%), probable migraine(10.6%), migraine with aura(7.1%), probable tension type headache(4.8%), and other primary headaches(1.8%). The high prevalence of tension type headache may be due to the accompaniment of orofacial pain by pericranial muscle tenderness. Comparison of sex showed that the rate of migraine was higher in female than male(female to male ratio 35.8:25.3). In age analysis, the rate of migraine was high in the twenties(42.2%) and the thirties(40.0%). As the age increased, the rate of migraine decreased, and this trend was in accordance with the previous studies. The percentage of the patients who had previously received treatment was only 26.2%, and that of those who were aware of the diagnosis was merely 8.7%. Therefore, it is not common for headache patients to get treatment, however, since orofacial pain is often accompanied by headache, more systematic diagnosis as well as precise treatment would be necessary. Moreover, since TMD could induce and aggravate headache, proper evaluation and management of TMD would be essential for diagnosis and treatment of headache. In the future, more systematic and broad investigation on the influence of causative factors of TMD on headache as well as the change in headache pattern with the treatment of TMD would be required.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum bite forces between pre- and post-treatment related to specific diagnostic groups of TMD including masticatory muscle disorder (MMD), disc derangement (DD), joint inflammation (JI) and osteoarthritis (OA). Bite force between pre- and post-treatment was compared in 36 patients with unilateral TMD, successfully-managed in the Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, for this study. The ratio of men to women was 7:29 and their mean age of $28.1{\pm}13.7$ years. The patients were categorized, through clinical and radiographic examination, into aforementioned 4 groups; MMD (N=18), DD (N=6), JI (N=5) and OA (N=7). The maximum bite force measurements were done at the antagonizing canines and 1st molars using a bite force recorder. Paired t-test, ANOVA, Multiple Comparison t-tests were used for statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that the maximum bite force before treatment increased after TMD treatment, which was noticeable at the canines (p=0.001 and p=0.000 for the affected and unaffected sides, respectively). In comparison related to the diagnostic groups of TMD, patients with osteoarthritis of TMJ exhibited the lowest strength while those with inflammatory disorder of TMJ had the highest strength on the affected sides. Increase of bite force after treatment was also found in each group. Significant difference between pre- and post-treatment was found at canines on the affected sides in MMD (p=0.045) and DD groups (p=0.009) while on the unaffected sides in OA group (p=0.003). Conclusively, the reduced bite force due to TMD could be recovered by conservative TMD treatment and that the difference of bite forces between pre- and post-treatment was noticeable at the canines.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the malocclusion and dental caries in adolescents with permanent dentition. The subjects of the study were 385 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and DMFT index were recorded as clinical indicators of malocclusion and dental caries. The mean Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) score of the subjects was 12.42 and the mean DMFT index of the subjects was 2.89. Four students (1.04%) were included in the group of orthodontic treatment mandatory, which signifies the handicapping malocclusion. Moreover, the result of gender-specific analysis of the DAI components observed that the prevalence of midline diastema and mandibular overjet were significantly higher among boys (p < 0.05). In 7 components (missing teeth, incisal segment crowding, maxillary anterior irregularity, mandibular anterior irregularity, mandibular overjet, anterior openbite, antero-posterior molar relationship) among the 10 DAI components, abnormal groups showed significantly higher DMFT index than normal groups (p < 0.05). The subjects in the group of definite to handicapping malocclusion (DAI ${\geq}$ 26) showed significantly higher DMFT index than the subjects in the group of minor or no malocclusion (p < 0.01). In addition, the DAI score had significant positive linear correlation with the DMFT index (r = 0.584, p < 0.01). Consequently, the current findings suggested a positive relationship between the malocclusion and caries prevalence. And several specific types of malocclusion were supposed to be significantly correlated with dental caries.