• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

Losartan potassium, 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]imidazole-5-methanol mono-potassium salt, is a new class of antihypertensive agents, and is an antagonist in angiotensin receptor. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two Losartan potassium tablets, Cozaar tablet (MSD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Losata tablet (Kyung Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of losartan from the two losartan potassium formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Twenty eight healthy male subjects, $23.86{\pm}1.80$ years in age and $67.27{\pm}6.60\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 50 mg as losartan potassium was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals, and the concentrations of losartan in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and Equiv Test/K-BE Test 2002 was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Cozaar, were -2.70%, 1.45% and 2.31% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.8852~log 1.0655 and log 0.8319~log 1.2342 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Losata tablet was bioequivalent to Cozaar tablet.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권34호
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• pp.197-217
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• 2014

20세기 20~30년대는 중국만화가 제일 번영된 때이고 중국 만화의 "황금시기"이다. 중국의 근대만화는 외세에 의하여 정서불안과 전쟁 등으로 풍자만화가 유행하였고 그중 많은 인기작품들 중에서 영화와 드라마로 제작된 20년대의 <왕 선생>과 30년대의 <삼모 유랑기>를 선택하여 분석하였다. II장에서 20~30년대 중국 민국시기 영화, 소설, 잡지, 패션 등의 소비문화가 확대되었지만 그 중, 통속성과 대중성으로 인기를 끌었던 만화잡지의 역사, 30년대 만화 간행물 등의 만화 "황금시기"에 대하여 역사적인 고찰을 하였다. III장에서는 5.4운동이후 사회 풍자유머만화가 유행하였고 20년대 반제반봉건주의의 내용에서 현실생활화 되었고 사회의 부정적인 면을 묘사한 작품들이 유행하였다. 그 중 작가 엽천여는 <왕 선생>을 통하여 소시민의 일상생활, 관료의 부패, 노동인민에 대한 동정 등의 상해에 대하여 묘사하였고 장락평의 <삼모 유랑기>는 힘없고 불쌍한 고아를 통하여 상해의 부르주아와 프롤레타리아의 불공평한 사회제도, 빈부격차에 대하여 묘사하였다. <왕 선생>은 도덕적인 면에서 <삼모 유랑기>는 경제적인 면에서 현실에 대하여 객관적이면서 익살스럽고 우스꽝스럽게 반영하였다는 것을 알 수 있다. 연구자가 <왕 선생>과 <삼모 유랑기>를 선택하게 된 이유는 하나의 좋은 만화, 좋은 애니메이션 심지어 좋은 영화는 우리 주변에 대한 느낌에서 오는 감정을 자극하기 때문에 친근감을 느끼게 하며 익숙한 내용을 다룬 두 작품을 선택하게 되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1041-1050
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• 2009

Equine respiratory disease is a common cause of poor performance and training interruptions. The higher incidence rate of infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) in thoroughbred racehorses at the Seoul Race Park coincided with the frequent stabling season, shorter stabling periods, and younger ages in this study. Incidence rates were also correlated with significantly lower proportions of cells expressing MHC class II-, CD2 antigen-, $CD4^+$- or $CD8^+$-T lymphocyte-, and B lymphocyte in IURD patients compared with healthy control groups in the summer and fall and in 2-and-3-year-old groups. The data suggested that movement and new environments may have resulted in immunosuppression and inappropriate responses to respiratory pathogens in IURD patients. The IURD incidence decreased with age, perhaps by the acquisition of immunity, and study results suggested that immunologic protection was associated with IURD, particularly in young thoroughbred racehorses. Streptococci isolates were identified in 11 of 72 IURD horses, and 3 of these isolates were identified as Streptococcus. equi subsp. equi. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from 2 of 23 IURD horses in the spring (8.7%), 5 of 23 in the summer (21.7%), and 1 of 6 in winter (16.7%). S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (5%) was also identified in 3 of 61 isolates from clinically normal horses. Racetracks should implement anti-IURD protective measures by assessing the capacity of equine immunologic protection at the Park and by limiting the introduction of specific respiratory pathogens (such as S. equi subsp. equi) by preventing the access of infected but subclinical horses with a specified respiratory pathogen-free certification system prior to Park entry.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2016

Background: In elderly high-risk surgical patients, sutureless aortic valve replacement (AVR) should be an alternative to standard AVR. The potential advantages of sutureless aortic prostheses include reducing cross-clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time and facilitating minimally invasive surgery and complex cardiac interventions, while maintaining satisfactory hemodynamic outcomes and low rates of paravalvular leakage. The current study reports our single-center experience regarding the early outcomes of sutureless aortic valve implantation. Methods: Between October 2012 and June 2015, 65 patients scheduled for surgical valve replacement with symptomatic aortic valve disease and New York Heart Association function of class II or higher were included to this study. Perceval S (Sorin Biomedica Cardio Srl, Sallugia, Italy) and Edwards Intuity (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) valves were used. Results: The mean age of the patients was $71.15{\pm}8.60years$. Forty-four patients (67.7%) were female. The average preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was $56.9{\pm}9.93$. The CPB time was $96.51{\pm}41.27minutes$ and the cross-clamping time was $60.85{\pm}27.08minutes$. The intubation time was $8.95{\pm}4.19hours$, and the intensive care unit and hospital stays were $2.89{\pm}1.42days$ and $7.86{\pm}1.42days$, respectively. The mean quantity of drainage from chest tubes was $407.69{\pm}149.28mL$. The hospital mortality rate was 3.1%. A total of five patients (7.69%) died during follow-up. The mean follow-up time was $687.24{\pm}24.76days$. The one-year survival rate was over 90%. Conclusion: In the last few years, several models of valvular sutureless bioprostheses have been developed. The present study evaluating the single-center early outcomes of sutureless aortic valve implantation presents the results of an innovative surgical technique, finding that it resulted in appropriate hemodynamic conditions with acceptable ischemic time.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2006

넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus) 신장에서 추출한 mRNA로부터 cDNA library를 제작하고 이를 이용하여 EST (Expressed sequence tag) 분석을 하였다. 넙치의 신장 cDNA library에서 무작위로 선별한 390개의 EST를 조사한 결과, 250개의 EST는 이미 밝혀진 유전자와 유사성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 140개의 EST는 새로운 유전자로 밝혀졌다. 유전자의 기능이 밝혀진 250개의 EST 중 14 (5.6%)개의 EST는 이미 알려진 넙치 EST와 상동성이 있는 유전자로 확인되었고, 198 (79.2%)개의 EST는 다른 생물에서 알려진 유전자와 상동성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 38 (15.2%)개의 EST는 전혀 기능이 알려지지 않은 새로운 유전자로 밝혀졌다. EST 분석은 새로운 유전자 뿐만 아니라 기능적으로 중요한 유전자를 탐색하는데도 아주 강력한 연구 방법이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 넙치 신장 EST 분석을 통해 C-, L-type lectin과 MHC class II-invariant chain like proteins (li) 같은 면역기능과 관련이 있는 여러 개의 유전자를 확인하였고, 이들 유전자들은 질병감염 후 유전자 발현에서 나타나는 차이를 분석하는데 이용되는 cDNA microarray 연구에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 보인다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2005

이 연구에서는 STS 가설 연역적 수업 전략을 고등학교 화학 I의 물 단원의 수업 전략에 사용하여 학생들의 과학 학업 성취도와 과학에 관련된 태도를 알아보았다. 연구의 대상은 경기도에 있는 남녀 공학 고등학교 2학년 자연 계열 학생들이다. 본 연구는 사전 검사로 실험반과 통제반 학생들의 물 단원 관련 과학 학업 성취도와 과학에 관련된 태도를 조사한 후 STS 가설 연역적 수업 전략과 교과서 위주의 전통적 강의식 수업 전략을 총 10차시에 걸쳐 시행한 후에, 학생들이 수업 후 형성된 과학 학업 성취도와 과학과 관련된 태도를 사후 검사를 통해 실시하였으며 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 물과 관련하여 STS 가설 연역적 수업 전략을 도입한 실험반의 학생들과 교과서 위주의 강의식 수업 방식을 도입한 통제반의 학생들은 과학 학업 성취도 변화에 있어서 실험반의 교정 평균이 통제반의 교정 평균보다 4.26점 높게 나타났으나, 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p>05). 둘째, STS 가설 연역적 수업 전략을 도입한 실험반의 학생들이 교과서 위주의 강의식 수업 방식을 도입한 통제반의 학생들보다 과학/기술/사회와 관련된 태도 변화에 있어서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다 (p<.05).과학에 관련된 태도의 하위 영역에서 실험반이 통제반 에 비해 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 영역은 과학 수업 내용(II영역), 과학 공부(III영역), 과학의 가치(IV영역)이였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2003

Background: As all HLA class II genes, the DQ genes show their polymorphic variation mainly in the second exon, which encodes the first extracellular domain of the molecule. PCR-SSOP (Polymerase chain reaction-Sequence specific oligonucleotide probe) techniques were frequently used for HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 typing but certain alleles, $DQA1^*0101/0104/0105$, $^*302/0303$, $*0501/0505$ and $DQB1^*0201/^*0202$ which differ from each other in segment other than exon 2, could not be unequivocally assigned. Methods: To overcome this problem, we applied additional PCR-SSP (PCR-Sequence specific primer) method to analyze DQA1 exons 1, 3 and 4 and DQB1 exon 3. And we investigated the distributions and haplotypes of HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in 406 unrelated Korean healthy individuals. Results: Using this method the indistinguishable alleles of DQA1 and DQB1 in PCR-SSOP were typed definitively. We also found several important associations between DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in the Korean population; $DQA1^*0101-DQB1^*0501$, $DQA1^*0104-DQB1^*0502$ or $-^*0503$, $DQA1^*0105-DQB1^*0501$, $DQA1^*0302-DQB1^*0303$, $DQA1^*0303-DQB1^*0401$ or $-^*0402$, $DQA1^*0501-DQB1^*0201$, $DQA1^*0505-DQB1^*0301$, and $DQA1^*0201-DQB1^*0202$. The haplotypes of DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 associated with $DQA1^*01$, $^*03$, $^*05$, and $DQB1^*02$ subtypes were investigated. Several haplotypes associated with these alleles were observed in the Korean population. Conclusion: Our results can be helpful to find potential unrelated donors for bone marrow registries and study the HLA-associated disease and anthropology at high-resolution allelic level.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.455-474
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• 1993

Degenerative joint disease(DJD) has hun known as one of the diseases which affect the middleor old-aged people. But as orthodontists are getting interested in the adult orthodontics, it is not rare for them to meet the open-bite patients with the TMJ DJD in their clinics. The purpose of this article is to investigate the cephalometric characteristics of the open-bite cases with TMJ DJD. Twelve TMJ DJD patients($15.1\~39.5$ years old) were selected from the patients who visited Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Hospital. Cephalograms were taken and means from 60 measurements were compared by t-test with those of the fifty four healthy adults($20.0\~26.7$ years old) who have normal occlusion and TMJ. In this study male and female are compared respectively, for in the normal samples 26 measurements showed significant differences between the male and the female. The results and conclusions axe as follows: 1 In DJD group, ANB and Angle of convexity decreased, which means the retruding of the mandible. The interincisal angle was smaller than that of the normal group. The means of the overbite were -2.1mm in male and -3.0mm in female, and the means of the overjet were 5.6mm in male and 6.7mm in female. The profile was similar to that of Angle's Class II div.1 open-bite. 2. SN-GoMe and FMA increased in DJD but SN-PP and FH-PP did not show any significant difference. In TMJ DJD open-bite cases, the bony structure lower than the palatal plane seemed to play an important role in developing open-bite. 3. In DJD group, PH-ArGo, SArGo and Y-sxis angle increased significantly, but genial angle showed no significant difference. The means of hか were 50.1mm in male and 40.2mm in female, which were significantly smaller than those of the normal(56.5mm in male, 50.9mm in female). These findings seemed to indicate the posterior rotation of mandible resulted from the shortening of the ramus height. 4. Anterior faical height(AFH), upper anterior facial height(UAFH) and lower anterior facial height (LAEH) of DJD showed no significant increase as compared with those of the noraml group. There was no significant difference in the ratio of upper anterior facial height to lower anterior facial height(UAFH/LAFH). But, lower posterior facial height(LPFH) was significantly smaller than that of the normal group. 5. It was thought that the peculiar profile of the TMJ DJD open-bite was resulted from the posterior rotation of mandible as the ramus became short following the degerative destruction of of the condylar head and neck.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2018

본 연구는 과학중점학교 과학수업에 대한 학생들의 인식을 조사하여 과학중점학교 사업을 통해 우리나라 과학교육의 개선을 위해 시행된 과학중점학교에 대한 전략적 지원과 노력들이 수업에서 어떻게 나타나고 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 14개 과학중점학교의 학생 654명이 연구에 참여하였으며, 학생들은 과학중학교 과학수업의 특징과 과학중점학교가 일반 고등학교와 다른 점을 묻는 2개의 개방형 문항에 응답하였다. 학생들의 응답은 언어네트워크 분석방법을 사용하여 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 학생들은 교사와 학생의 원활한 소통, 학생들이 자유롭게 질문하고 서로 토론하며 적극적으로 수업에 참여하는 분위기, 과학 실험 활동, 어려운 과학 내용을 배우는 것, 학습된 지식을 공유하는 긍정적인 수업 분위기 등을 과학수업의 특징으로 인식하고 있었다. 학생들이 인식하고 있는 과학중점학교의 차별적 특성으로는 많은 수의 과학 관련 교과목(과제연구, 과학II 과목 등)의 이수, 관심 있는 분야의 비교과 체험활동, 탐구 및 연구 중심의 학생활동과 이에 대한 학교의 지원, 좋은 수업 분위기, 과학과 관련한 많은 수업시간, 활발한 R&E 및 동아리 활동, 다양한 과학실험 활동 등으로 나타났다. 그리고 과학중점학교의 과학수업에 대한 '어렵고 힘들지만 적극적으로 참여하는' 수업이라는 이러한 분석결과는 선행연구들에서 밝혔던 좋은 과학수업의 모습과 많이 유사한 것이기도 하였다. 그동안 과학중점학교에 대해 이루어졌던 여러 행 재정적인 지원과 함께, 과학 교실수업에 대한 본 연구의 조사결과는 앞으로 이루어질 학교교육의 혁신 프로그램의 도입에 실질적인 도움과 벤치마킹 사례를 제공해 줄 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to compare the maganitude of the discrepancies of the mounting errors in according to the states of dentitions, and to the superoinferior, anteroposterior, and rightleft driecetions. GROUP I. : Fourteen patients 22 to 26 years of age with a full complement of teeth, were used in the study. The criteria fro patient selection were a complete dentition, sparse restorarive treatment, and adequate posterior and anterior occlusan stops. And they had no sign and sympton at TMG area. GROUPII. : Eigth patients 37 to 62 years of age with bilateral free ends. The criteria for patient selection were Kennedy classification class 1 cases, and adequate posterior and anterior stops. And the opposite dentitions were a full complement of teeth. Irreversible hydrocolloid impresiion of each arch was taken of each patient. These were immediatel poured in stone and mounted on a Denar Mark II. Articulator with the arbitrary slidematic face-bow. With hand articulation th e mandibular cast was mounted to the maxillary cast in centric occlusion. Five types of interocclusal records were taken of each patient : (1) aluwax (2) baseplate wax; (3) znic oxide-eugenol pasts; (4) polyether (Ramitec); (5) modeling compound. All measurement of the five selected recording materials were compared with those of the hand-articulated full arch models in centric occlusion or maximum interdigitation. The results were as follows; 1. There were statistical differences in amount of devitation in according to the materials and the states of dentition. The amount of deviation of compound was the largest. 2. There were statistical differences in amount of deviation in complete dentition at all directions. The amount of diviation of compound was the largest. And at the right-left direction the amount of znic oxide-eugenol paste was larger than that of baseplate wax. 3. There was a statistical difference in amount of diviations in partial edentulous dentition at the superoinferior direction. The amount of deviation of compound was larger than that of znic oxide-eugenol paste. 4. There was as statistical difference in amount of deviations in partial edentulous dentition at the right-left direction. The amount of deviation of baseplate wax was larger that tnat of polyether. 5. There was not a statistical difference in amount of diviation in partial edentulous dentition at the anteroposterior direction.