• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

This research verified the usefulness and practicality of citrus peel extract as a natural dye. This study dyed cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics using citrus peel extract, and measured the dyeability and functional property to verify their usefulness and practicality. The dyeing affinity of the citrus peel extract was measured by dyeing under alkaline conditions to determine the temperature and time for optimal dyeing conditions of the solution. The results show that a temperature and time of $60^{\circ}C$ and 30 minutes were optimal for dyeing cotton fabrics with citrus peel extract, $50^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for silk fabrics, and $60^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics, respectively. In addition the results of measuring the color fastness of the cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics dyed with the citrus peel extract show that the color fastness was superior for washing, friction, sweat, and water. However, the color fastness for sunlight appeared to be slightly weak. In addition, it was found that fabric dyed with the citrus peel extract showed partial antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial property appeared the greatest in the silk fabric. The cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics had 90% or more Staphylococcus aureus present, but the antimicrobial properties were not high in the cotton fabric. Additionally, the heavy metal content, which is harmful to the human body, appeared to be lower than standard figures, so the dye was found to be innocuous to humans. Therefore, when the results of this study are put together, citrus peel extract is sufficiently useful and practical as an ingredient for a natural dye. Moreover, there is ample possibility to develop citrus peel dyed fabrics as environmentally friendly fashion materials.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2015

The peel of Citrus sunki exhibits multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-obesity, but little is known about neurodegeneration-related activities. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ethanolic extract from both immature and mature Citrus sunki peel on neuronal cell death. Treatment of the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with $MPP^+$, an inducer of Parkinson disease model, increased cell death in a dose dependent manner. Increased levels of active caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were detected. Treatment with immature Citrus sunki peel extract significantly reduced $MPP^+$-induced neurotoxicity. Cytoprotection with immature Citrus sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. In contrast, mature Citrus sunki peel extract had no significant effects. These data suggest that immature Citrus sunki peel extract may exert anti-apoptotic effect through the inhibition of caspase-3 signaling pathway on $MPP^+$-induced neuronal cell death.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.362-367
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• 2003

운지버섯을 희석 감귤농축액과 일반 합성배지에서 각각 배양한 배양물을 열탕추출하고 여과하여 얻어진 버섯 배양추출물과 버섯을 접종하지 않은 희석 감귤농축액 자체에 대한 항산화 활성, 아질산 제거능, 그리고 항암활성을 조사 비교하였다. DPPH 전자공여를 이용한 항산화 활성에서 희석 감귤농축액에서 얻어진 배양추출물(Extract-I)은 89%, 일반 합성배지에서 얻어진 배양추출물(Extract-II)은 66%, 접종하지 않은 희석 감귤농축액 자체(Extract-III)는 22%의 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 아질산 제거능은 배양추출물 모두 산성 조건일수록 증가하였으며, Extrac-I은 67%, Extract-II는 54%, 그리고 Extract-III는 34%의 아질산 제거능을 보였다. HeLa, PC-3, HepG2 및 A-549 세포에 대한 항암활성을 조사한 결과, Exract-I는 각각의 암세포들에 대해서 순차적으로 75%, 82%, 55%, 그리고 82%의 높은 생육 저해 활성을 보였다. 반면에 Extract-II는 HeLa cell에 대해서만 66%의 생육저해를 보였고, Exoact-III는 모든 암세포의 생육을 저해하지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 운지버섯을 희석 감귤농축액에 배양함으로서 일반 합성배지에서 배양하거나 감귤농축액 자체 보다 항산화 활성과 항암활성을 현저히 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2015

Jeju citrus, which contains an abundance of calcium and vitamin, was used to develop fermented citrus peel extract. A total of seven probiotic strains were applied to tangerine dermis to select the best growing bacteria in citrus peel extracts. B. longum, B. bifidum, and L. mesenteroides were found to grow best in citrus peel extract culture containing glucose, yeast extracts, peptone, and potassium phosphate. Citrus peel extract culture consisting of 1% yeast extract, 5% peptone, and 0.1% phosphate was the best environment for growth of probiotics. The pH, acidity, and viable cell numbers of these fermented extracts were measured. The initial pH level of fermented extracts with nutrients was 5.25 and dropped rapidly to 3.39 after 72 hours of fermentation. The acidity of fermented extracts increased to 4.08 % after 72 hours of fermentation, and the viable cell number in fermented extracts after refrigeration for 2 weeks was $1.3{\times}10^{10}CFU/mL$. The antimicrobial activity of citrus peel fermented extracts against Campylobacter jejuni was determined, and concentrations more than 25,000 ppm showed antimicrobial activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2003

Effects of extraction conditions, gamma-irradiation and storage conditions on bioactivities of Citrus (Citrus unshiu) peel extract were investigated. The Hunter color $L^{*}$- and $a^{*}$-values of the extract increased but $b^{*}$-value decreased with an increase in absorbed irradiation dose. DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition and nitrite scavenging activities were not affected by irradiation but reduced by increased storage time. Nitrite scavenging activity of the extract was the highest at pH 1.2 followed by pH 4.2 and 6.0 and not changed by storage. Results indicated that there is potential for using citrus peel byproducts as a bioactive ingredient, and that gamma irradiation brightens the color of the extract without adversely altering its biological activity.ity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1553-1556
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• 2013

본 연구는 재래감귤종의 하나인 진귤 과피 추출물이 산화적 스트레스에 의한 MMP-1의 발현 조절에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. $H_2O_2$를 피부세포에 처리하여 산화적 스트레스를 유도한 결과 노화 유발에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 MMP-1의 발현량이 증가하였고 진귤과피 추출물의 처리는 산화적 스트레스에 의해 증가된 MMP-1의 활성을 현저히 감소시켰다. 이러한 활성 조절이 ERK signaling을 통해 조절되는지 확인한 결과 산화적 스트레스에 의해 증가된 ERK의 인산화는 진귤과피 추출물의 처리로 억제되었고 MEK 억제재인 U0216을 처리하였을 경우 MMP-1의 활성도 또한 저해시키는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 $H_2O_2$에 의해 유도된 산화적 스트레스는 MMP-1의 발현을 촉진시켰고 진귤과피 추출물은 ERK 신호전달 경로를 통해 MMP-1의 발현을 조절하는 것으로 보여진다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2013

The inhibitory effect of citrus peel extract, onion peel extract, calcium lactate and phosvitin on microbial growth was investigated in seasoned chicken breast meat during aerobic storage at $4^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Citrus peel and onion peel extract significantly improved (p<0.05) the microbial quality of the sample by reducing the initial counts of the microbial flora compared to control and other two treatments. Data clearly revealed that the counts of the total aerobic bacteria significantly increased with the increase in storage temperature. The shelf life of all samples stored under $20^{\circ}C$ was less than 6 days, while the shelf life of citrus and onion treatment can be extended more than 9 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and more than 6 days at $10^{\circ}C$ in aerobic storage condition. These results indicated that citrus and onion peel extracts are efficient treatment methods to prevent microbial spoilage of seasoned chicken products during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. However, there was an adverse effect of addition of citrus and onion peel extract on several sensory attributes which need to be improved by reformulation of seasoning.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2004

감귤과피의 열수, 에탄을 및 설탕 추출방법에 따른 항균활성을 비교 조사하였다 그 결과 감귤껍질의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에서는 항균활성이 나타나지 않았으나, 설탕추출물에서 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 10$\%$(w/v) 설탕용액에서 9일간 추출하였을 때 8종의 균주 모두에서 항균활성이 가장 높았다 또한 최소저해농도는 S. aureus에서 0.5$\%$(v/v), B. subtilis, M. luteus 및 E. coli는 1.5%(viv), S. mutans는2.0$\%$(v/v) 각각 나타났다. 감귤 껄질 추출물은 40$\~$100$^{\circ}C$, 1시간 처리범위에서 항균성은 매우 안정하였으나, pH의 변화에서는 불안정하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 감귤껍질 추출물은 열안정성이 높은 항균성 소재로 개발이 기대되었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1974

Citrus unshiu Marc., a family of Rutaceae, has been used as antitussives, antiemetics, expectorants, spasmolytics, stomachics and digestants in oriental medicine. But there is few reports on the pharmacological effects of Citrus unshiu pericarpium. Present experiment was performed to observe the effects of the water extract of Citrus unshiu on isolated auricle and intestine in rabbits and blood pressure in rats and also to study on the active component on the cardiovascular system by means of thin layer chlomatography and spectrophotometer. 1. The water extract showed positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effect in the concentration of $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$, $5{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$, and $1{\times}10^{-3}g/ml$. 2. The motility of isolated rabbit intestine was significantly depressed by the water extract. 3. The blood pressure was markedly increased by the water extract. 4. The blood vessel of rabbit ear was constricted by perfusion of the ether extract. 5. The purified alkaloid of Citri pericarpium by ion exchange resin showed the same Rf value with l-synephrine on thin layer chromatography. 6. The purified alkaloid of Citri pericarpium by thin layer chromatography showed the same absorption curve with l-synephrine in the ultraviolet scanning.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.640-646
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• 2003

감귤 6종류의 종자를 메탄올로 추출하여 이들 추출물에 의한 N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) 생성억제효과를 검정하였다. 감귤류 종자의 수분함량은 4∼6%, 조단백질 함량 11∼15%, 조지방 32∼46%, 탄수화물 함량은 22∼45%이었으며, 회분함량은 2∼4%, 플라보노이드는 12∼24mg%, 폴리페놀함량은 22∼53mg%이었다. 감귤종자 메탄올 추출물의 추출수율은 0.7∼1.1%, 고형분 함량은 0.8∼1.2%이었다. 감귤종자 메탄올추출물에 의한 아질산염의 소거효과는 추출물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 그 소거율이 증가였다. 또한 아질산염 소거능은 pH 의존성이 커서, pH 1.2(42.7∼96.9%)에서 높은 가장 높은 소거효과를 보였으며 pH 6.0(19.9∼62.6%)에서 가장 낮은 효과를 보였다. 게다가 반응시간에 따른 아질산염 소거효과는 3시간 반응시켰을 때 가장 높았다. NDMA 생성 억제효과는 감귤 종자 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 컸다. 즉 감귤종자 추출물을 각각 1, 3 및 5$m\ell$ 첨가하였을 때 NDMA 생성 억제율은 각각 1.2∼39.8%, 21.3∼60.1% 및 47.4∼94.0%이었다.