• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.129-130
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• 2002

Monascus pigment was produced by Monascus species. During Monascus fermentation, citrinin, the mycotoxin was produced with pigments. Citrinin can become a problem for use of monascus pigment as a food colorant. We found adding of S. cerevisiae filtrate during Monascus cultivation could enhance production of red pigment whereas it could reduce citrinin level. When we added the filtrate at 24 hand 48 h, respectively, pigment production increased about 400% and citrinin concentration decreased to 30%. In a glucose medium, there was no special effect by addition of filtrate. On the other hand, the effect was striking in a sucrose medium.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1991

Penicillium citrinum의 생육과 citrinin 생성에 젖산균이 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 Penicillium citrinum을 치이즈 열성균인 Lactobacillus casei 및 Lactobacillus Bulgaricus와 혼합배의를 실시하였다. 즉 glucose를 7% 첨가한 APT 배지에 공식균을 각각 독립배의한 경우(Pc, Lb 및 Lc) , Penicillium citrinum 과 Lactobacillus spp.를 동시에 접종, 배양한 경우(ST; Pc＋Lb 및 Pc＋Lc) , Lactobacillus spp.를 접종하여 3일간 배양한 후 Penicillium citrinum을 접종하여 배양한 경우(LbPc 및 LcPc), 그리고 Penicillium citrinum을 접종하여 3일간 배양한 후 Lactobacillus spp.를 접종하여 배양한 경우 (PcLb 및 PcLc)로 구분하여 각각 30℃에서 15일간 정식 배의하면서 경시적으로 (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15일) 배의 액의 pH와 산도를 측정하고 공식균의 생육과 citrinin 생성을 비교하였다. 그 결과 , 균의 생육은 혼합배의 의 경우 Penicillium citrinum의 성장이 크게 둔화되었고 특히 젖산균을 먼저 접종한 군(PcLb 및 PcLc)의 경우 더욱 현저히 나타났다. Citrinin의 생성은 곰팡이 대조군(Pc)과 곰팡이를 먼저 접종한군(PcLb 및 PcLc) 에서는 비슷한 함량을 보였으나 곰팡이와 세균을 동시 접종한 경우 (ST) 감소되었고, 특히 Lactobacillus spp. 배양 후 Penicillium citrinum을 접종한 군(LbPc 및 LcPc)에서는 citrinin 생성이 나타나지 않아 Penicillium citrinum의 생육과 citrinin 생성이 경쟁적으로 작용하는 microflora에 의해 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.865-867
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• 2007

A chemical analysis of the fermentation of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. led to the isolation of a biogenetic precursor of citrinin, redoxcitrinin(1), together with polyketide mycotoxins, phenol A(2), citrinin H2(3), 4-hydroxymellein(4), citrinin(5), and phenol A acid(6). The structures of compounds 1-6 were determined on the basis of physicochemical data analyses. Among them, compounds 1-3 exhibited a potent radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) with $IC_{50}$ values of 27.7, 23.4, and $27.2{\mu}M$, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.364-374
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• 2013

Monacolin K and yellow pigment, produced by Monascus sp., have each been proven to be beneficial compounds as antihypercholesterolemic and anti-inflammation agents, respectively. However, citrinin, a human toxic substance, was also synthesized in this fungus. In this research, solidstate fermentation of M. purpureus TISTR 3541 was optimized by statistical methodology to obtain a high production of monacolin K and yellow pigment along with a low level of citrinin. Fractional factorial design was applied in this study to identify the significant factors. Among the 13 variables, five parameters (i.e., glycerol, methionine, sodium nitrate, cultivation time, and temperature) influencing monacolin K, yellow pigment, and citrinin production were identified. A central composite design was further employed to investigate the optimum level of these five factors. The maximum production of monacolin K and yellow pigment of 5,900 mg/kg and 1,700 units/g, respectively, and the minimum citrinin concentration of 0.26 mg/kg were achieved in the medium containing 2% glycerol, 0.14% methionine, and 0.01% sodium nitrate at $25^{\circ}C$ for 16 days of cultivation. The yields of monacolin K and yellow pigment were about 3 and 1.5 times higher than the basal medium, respectively, whereas citrinin was dramatically reduced by 36 times.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.1099-1101
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• 2001

In an attempt to search for serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferasem, AA-NAT) inhibitors from microbial metabolites, we fecund the culture broth of Penicillium sp. 80722 which showed a strong inhibitory activity against AA-NNT. The active principle has been identified as citrinin hydrate through bioassay-guided fractionation of cultural broth, and structure elucidation derived by spectroscopic analyses. Citrinin hydrate inhibits AA-NAT with an $IC_50$ value of $173{\mu}M$ in a dose-dependent manner. Although citrinin hydrate was previously isolated as human rhinovirus 3C-protease inhibitor, this was recognized as the first AA-NAT inhibitor isolated from natural sources.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 1999

A total of 65 isolates of Penicillium were isolated from decayed post-harvest fruits of apple pear citrus and grape. The Penicillium species isolated from the apple were idnetified as P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum those from the pear were P. crustosum and P. expansum and those from the grape were P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum, From decayed citrus fruits. P. digitatum and P. italicum were isolated. Citrinin and patulin from these species in the YES(yeast extract sucrose) broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) Among 51 isolates of Penicillium from apple pear and grape 7 isolates produced citrinin 13 isolates produces patulin and 12 isolates produced citrinin and patulin also. All 14 isolates of Penicillium from citrus produced only patulin.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.142-145
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• 2007

The levels of citrinin and monacolin K in ten commercial Korean Monascus fermentation products were determined. The products contained citrinin at levels ranging from 0.64 to $112.27\;{\mu}/kg$, with only 2 exceeding the limit of $50\;{\mu}g/kg$ set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The levels of monacolin K ranged from 0.87 to 1,030 mg/kg, however 6 products contained monacolin K at levels lower than 500 mg/kg, the level required by KFDA to be claimed as a functional food. Therefore, many commercial Korean Monascus fermentation products should be considered safe, however many need to be improved before being considered as functional dietary supplements.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2007

태국에서 생산된 Pedigree사의 개 사료를 1개월 이상 섭취한 5마리의 개가 식욕절폐, 쇠약, 구토, 다음다뇨 증상을 보였으며 증상이 심한 개는 혈액성 설사와 저체온증을 보였다. 특징적인 임상병리학적 소견으로 BUN과 creatinine이 높았으며 일부의 개에서는 GGT, 무기인과 lipase가 높았으나 CBC는 특이적인 임상병리학적 소견이 없었다. 요분석에서는 혈뇨, 저비중뇨, 단백뇨와 calcium oxalate와 유사한 결정이 관찰되었다. 증상이 심한 두 마리는 폐사하였으며 나머지의 개는 사료의 변경과 보조요법에 의하여 점차 회복되었다. 전형적인 병리학적 소견은 신장에서 관찰되어 신장의 위축, 일부 사구체의 모세혈관 충혈, 세뇨관의 미만성 변성과 이영양성 석회화, 세뇨관의 괴사와 재생, 세뇨관 내강 내에 황갈색 판상 형광성 물질 또는 파편이 관찰되었다. 섭취한 사료와 동일한 개봉하지 않은 사료 내의 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 농도를 분석한 결과 각각 372.8ppb와 8.3ppb가 검출되었다. 병력, 임상증상, 임상병리소견, 병리학적 소견 및 사료 내의 곰팡이독소의 분석을 통하여 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 중독에 의한 신부전으로 최종진단을 내렸다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권4권
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• pp.427-431
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• 2006

Pulse Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation was performed to investigate the resistive index (RI) of the Interlobar renal artery in 17 dogs (32 kidneys) which were diagnosed with an acute renal failure caused by ochratoxin-A and citrinin contaminated commercial diet. RI was investigated in 7 normal beagle dogs and recovered patients. The mean of RI was resulted as $0.69{\pm}0.04$ in normal dog, however, significantly (p<0.001) increased as $0.76{\pm}0.05$ in renal failure dog. But RI had no relationship with the results of blood chemistry, urine analysis, and excretory urographic image quality. From these results, even though the results of the renal function test were within a normal reference range, it was considered that RI index is more reliable to represent a damaged renal parenchyma, and may have the potential to be a useful clinical tool in monitoring of the renal function.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.338-342
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• 2002

Monascus anka Y7이 생성하는 황색소의 항균활성 특성을 규명하였다. Y7의 조황색소는 그람 양성균보다 그람 음성균에 대한 항균 활성이 더 크게 나타났으며 Candida 등과 같은 효모에 대해서도 항균활성을 나타냈다. 특히 황색소의 항균성분 중 TLC로 분리한 E2 분획은 E. coli에 대한 항균활성이 크며 373 nm에서 주된 흡광 특성을 보이고 있고 흡수 파장 범위가 장파장 부위로 넓어져 있어 외관상 진한 밝은 황색을 나타내는 형광색소이다. Y7의 조색소 및 각 TLC 분획의 HPLC분석 결과 citrinin이 검출되지 않았다. 이는 Y7의 항균 특성이 최근 Monascus 색소에서 안전성의 논란이 되고 있는 citrinin과는 무관한 것을 의미한다. 한편 E2 분획을 주로하는 조황색소는 식품에 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 천연황색소인 치자황색소, 아나토색소, 홍화색소보다 황색도(b/a)가 매우 높고 이들 색소와 유사한 색조를 나타내므로 항균성을 보유한 대체 황색소로서의 가치가 높을 것으로 사료된다.