• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2012

Two urostylid ciliates, Anteholosticha pulchra (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 and Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae Shao et al., 2008, new to Korea, were collected from the Yellow Sea and the East Sea, Korea, respectively. They were identified based on live observation and protargol impregnation. Taxonomical characters of A. pulchra are as follows: $190-300{\times}30-55\;{\mu}m$ size in vivo; contractile vacuole located on the left side of the posterior 1/4 of the cell; spherical-reddish granules at cirral bases and around dorsal bristles, somewhat sparsely distributed throughout the cell surface; four frontal and two frontoterminal cirri; four dorsal kineties; caudal cirri absent. Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae is characterized as follows: $80-110{\times}40-50\;{\mu}m$ size in vivo; caudal cirri absent; two types of cortical granules: type 1, yellow-green arranged along the ventral cirral rows and dorsal kineties; type 2, small and reddish, with an irregular arrangement; four frontal, four to eight frontoterminal, and two to six transverse cirri; five to seven left and three to five right marginal rows. Sequences of small subunit ribosomal DNA were determined from both species, and pairwise distances with their relatives were analyzed.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.246-255
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• 2017

Three freshwater ciliates, Lembadion lucens (Maskell, 1887) Kahl, 1931, L. bullinum ($M{\ddot{u}}ller$, 1786) Perty, 1849, and L. magnum (Stokes, 1887) Kahl, 1931, belonging to the genus Lembadion Perty, 1849 are newly reported from Korea with detailed descriptions and illustrations based on live observation and protargol impregnation. Lembadion lucens is characterized by following characteristics: $52-91{\times}33-64{\mu}m$ body size in vivo; ovoid and slightly asymmetric body shape; 27-49 somatic kineties; and 55-80% of whole pellicle covered with meridional lines with rectangular meshes in posterior portion. Lembadion bullinum is distinguishable from its congeners by its body size of $110-130{\times}60-73{\mu}m$ in vivo; ovoid body shape; oral aperture occupying about four-fifths of ventral side; 48-55 somatic ciliary rows; meridional lines with rectangular meshes except anterior portion (about 16% of body) on pellicle. Lembadion magnum is also characterized by its body size of $70-90{\times}37-50{\mu}m$ in vivo; obliquely asymmetric anterior end of body; oral aperture occupying about more than four-fifths of ventral surface, and opened longitudinally entire ventral surface; 45-61 somatic ciliary rows; meridional lines without rectangular meshes on whole pellicle of body. The present study is the first description of the genus Lembadion from Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.858-868
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• 2009

The abundance, biomass, size distribution, and taxonomic composition of bacterial and protistan (heterotrophic and autotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) communities were investigated in six lakes of Masurian Lake District (north-eastern Poland) differing in trophic state. Samples were taken from the trophogenic water layer during summer stratification periods. Image analysis techniques with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) as well as [$^3H$]-methyl-thymidine incorporation methods were applied to analyze differences in the composition and activity of bacterial communities. The greatest differences in trophic parameters were found between the humic lake and remaining non-humic ones. The same bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) cell size classes dominated in all the studied lakes. However, distinct increases in the contributions of large bacterial (>$1.0{\mu}m$) and HNF (>$10{\mu}m$) cells were observed in eutrophic lakes. The bacterial community was dominated by the ${\beta}$-Proteohacteria group, which accounted for 27% of total DAPI counts. Ciliate communities were largely composed of Oligotrichida. Positive correlations between bacteria and protists, as well as between nanoflagellates (both heterotrophic and autotrophic) and ciliates, suggest that concentrations of food sources may be important in determining the abundance of protists in the studied lakes.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-160
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• 2012

Heterotrichous ciliates were isolated from marine and brackish habitats in Korea, and their morphology, infraciliature and morphometrical characters were investigated using silver impregnated methods. These three Condylostoma species were identified as Condylostoma curva Burkovsky, 1970, C. minutum Bullington, 1940 and C. spatiosum Ozaki and Yagiu in Yagiu, 1944. The species of Condylostoma based on morphology are highly variable in most of characters and distinguished as following. Condylostoma curva is oval to elongate ellipsoidal, size about $245{\times}100{\mu}m$ in vivo, and conspicuously dark greenish brown with cortical granules on their surface, buccal cavity relatively large about 40% of body length, 5-11 macronuclear nodules, 4-8 frontal cirri serially arranged and 22-38 somatic kineties. Condylostoma minutum is elongate ellipsoidal and the size about $310{\times}55{\mu}m$ in vivo, buccal field about 35% of body length, 12-20 macronuclear nodules, adoral zone consisted of 82-107 membranelles, large and long one frontal cirrus and 38-44 somatic kineties. Condylostoma spatiosum is large elongate ellipsoidal, size about $670{\times}105{\mu}m$ in vivo, buccal cavity about 25% of body length, 11-25 macronuclear nodules, 111-144 adoral membranelles, membrane-like 2 frontal cirri, 49-74 somatic kineties. These three Condylostoma species are described here for the first time in Korea.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

Two marine euplotid ciliates, i.e. Euplotes cristatus Kahl, 1932 and E. minuta Yocom, 1930, were collected from the public waterfront of Incheon on the Yellow Sea and from the Songjeong Beach, Busan, in the Strait of Korea, respectively. These two species were verified as unrecorded species in Korea. These species were described based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and silver nitrate impregnation. In addition, the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences of the two species were compared with previously known sequences of the Euplotes species. Euplotes cristatus has an elongated oval form, size in vivo of $60-84{\times}38-68\;{\mu}m$, 35-50 adoral zone of membranelles (AZM), 10 frontoventral cirri (FVC), 5 transverse cirri (TC), 4-5 caudal cirri (CC), 8 dorsal kineties (DK), 10-16 dorsal cilia of middle DK, and silverline system of single-vannus type. Euplotes minuta has a small ovoid form ($44-53{\times}26-35\;{\mu}m$ in vivo), 31-41 AZM, 10 FVC, 5 TC, 4 CC, 9 DK, 10-12 dorsal cilia of middle DK, and silverline system of single-vannus type.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

In order to understand the role of heterotrophic protists in the coastal waters off Inchon, abiotic and biotic factors were measured from January 1992 to February 1993. Microbial carbon biomass (mean212.9$^{\pm}$119.1 $^{\mu}$gC/1) was composed of 4.2% bacteria, 0.3% cyanobacteria, 12.l% autotrophic nanoflagellates, 6.6% heterotrophic nanoflagellates, 5.8 heterotrophic ciliates and 71.0% diatom and Mesodinium spp. The carbon biomass of heterotrophic protists (heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) was highest in October 1992 (mean 37.8$^{\pm}$22.5 $^{\mu}$gC/1), and was low in August 1992 (mean 21.2$^{\pm}$10.8 $^{\mu}$gC/1) and in February 1993 (mean 19.5$^{\pm}$6.4 $^{\mu}$gC/1). However, the contribution of heterotrophic protists to total microbial carbon biomass was higher in January 1992 and February 1993 (about 21%) when the phytoplankton was dominated by nanoplankton than in August and October (about 9%) when large diatoms occurred in large numbers. This study suggests that in Kyeonggi Bay heterotrophic protists might play a more important role as prey for zooplankton and as consumers of bacteria & small phytoplankton in less productive seasons (especially winter) than in productive seasons (autumn), and that the classic trophic pathway from diatoms through copepods to fish might be dominant nearly every season.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2007

Two euplotid ciliates collected from the estuarine littorals in Korea were identified as Euplotes vannus ($M\ddot{u}ller$, 1786) and E. parawoodruffi Song and Bradbury, 1997. These species are reported taxonomically for the first time from Korea. These two species are redescribed with illustrations, photos and biometry based on live and silver impregnated specimens. Diagnostics of each species are as follows. E. vannus: size in vivo $94-111{\times}55-75{\mu}m$ (average $103{\times}60{\mu}m)$, adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) 70% of cell length with 57-74 adoral membranelles (AM) and terminating close to hook-shape, macronucleus (Ma) C-shaped with twisted foot-like, 10 frontoventral (FVC), 5 transverse (TC), 4-7 (average 5) caudal cirri (CC), 9-10 dorsal kineties (DK), mid dorsal kinety with 15-22 cilia; silver-line system single vannus type. E. parawoodruffi: size in vivo $125-163{\times}72-100{\mu}m$, (average $141{\times}87{\mu}m$), dorsally strongly arched, body shaped reserved triangular. AZM 67-83% of cell length with 60-85 AMs, 9 FVC, 5 TC, 4 CC, 9 DK; mid-dorsal kinety with 20-30 cilia, double-eurystomus type, T-shaped Ma with equal sized right and left arms or right arm shortened slightly.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 1982

In order to explore more efficient protein substitutes by improving the utilization of non-protein nitrogen compounds in ruminants, the experiment was undertaken. The effects of sulfur coated urea (SCU) and diuredio isobutane (DUIB) in the ruminal fluid on the concentration of $NH_3-N$, the total count of the ruminal ciliates and pH value were estimated in vitro. The results obtained from the experiment were as follows: 1. The pH of the media of the group added diuredio isobutane and sulfur costed urea tends to decrease slightly at 9 hours after the incubation, but no pH changes were observed in the media added urea alone. 2. The number of the ciliates in the ruminal fluid was slightly increased 9 hours after the incubation in all groups. 3. The concentrations of $NH_3-N$ in the ruminal fluid were gradually increased according to the incubation in vitro showing 418, 431 and $627{\mu}g/ml$ in the group added diuredio isobutane and 428, 569 and $792{\mu}g/ml$ in the group added sulfur coated urea at 0, 0.5 and 9 hours after the incubation, respectively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2011

Ciliates are considered one of the most diverse protozoa and play significant roles in ecology. For successful taxonomic study of these microscopic eukaryotes, a staining procedure is necessary, due mainly to intrinsic difficulties in recognizing characteristics from living cells. Although molecular taxonomy has been used to resolve the ambiguities associated with traditional morphology-based taxonomy, extraction of genomic DNA from stained ciliate cells is not available yet. In the present study, we describe a method to extract genomic DNA from a single protargol-impregnated euplotid cell. By using $HgCl_2$ as a fixative and modulating the exposure time of bleach solution in the protargol impregnation, high-quality genomic DNA can successfully be extracted from a stained single cell with minimal loss of morphological integrity. This technique will contribute to the effectiveness of combined approaches of molecular and morphological taxonomy from single ciliate cells.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.455-461
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• 2020

Marine benthic ciliates were collected from four rocky intertidal pools along the eastern and southern coasts of Korea from 2012-2013. Ciliate specimens were examined by observing living and stained cells. Four ciliate species were new to Korea based on morphological characteristics as follows. (1) Aspidisca polypoda (Dujardin, 1841): small bean-shaped (ca. 30 ㎛), eight conspicuous dorsal ridge, polystyla-arrangement of frontoventral cirri; (2) Epiclintes auricularis auricularis (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858): tripartite and auriform body (ca. 300 ㎛), 46 adoral membranelles, one or two frontal and 23 transverse cirri, 12 oblique fronto-midventral rows; 59 left and 71 right marginal cirri; (3) Pseudochilodonopsis marina Song, 1991: reniform body (ca. 50 ㎛), two obliquely positioned contractile vacuoles, seven left and five right kineties, five fragmented preoral kineties; (4) Dysteria semilunaris (Gourret and Roeser, 1888): oval-shaped (ca. 30 ㎛), two longitudinally positioned contractile vacuoles, conspicuous longitudinal grooves on both plates, four or five right kineties, one short row below frontoventral kineties.