• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3483-3487
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• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Tobacco consumption has grave negative consequences for health so that it is important to understand the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking among the young generation for developing effective policies to control this widespread problem. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 438 young smokers participated from the University and the general population. Data were collected through anonymous, self-administered questionnaires in the Arabic language that contained questions about the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking. The questionnaire also contained several questions regarding knowledge and attitude of the participants towards cigarette smoking. The data was analyzed on SPSS-16. Results: The mean age of the respondents was $22.9{\pm}3.48$, out of 438 subjects 87 (19.9%) were married, and 351 (80.1%) were unmarried, and 331 (75.6%) belonged to urban areas while 107 (24.5%) were from the rural areas. Responding to a question about a number of cigarettes smoked per day, 31% answered 11-20, 29% answered 21-30, and 25% answered 1-10. Questioned about smokers in the family, 34.5% responded more than one, with 19% for brother and 13% for father. About the reasons for not quitting smoking, 26% described lack of willpower, 25% had no reason, 22% said that people around me smoke, and 15.3% responded stress at home/work. The major motivation for smokers was smoker friends (42%), for 33.8% others, for 12% father/brother and 7.8% media. Conclusions: There are several avoidable and preventable reasons and barriers against quitting smoking. However, knowledge and attitude about smoking were good, and the majority of the smokers were well aware of the associated hazards. Therefore, there is a need to search out ways and means to help them to quit this addiction.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.331-341
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• 2021

This descriptive study was conducted to examine self rated health and factors influencing self rated health among e-cigarette smoking young and elderly community residents. The data were from the community health survey 2019 and the subjectis were 2,607 participants aged 19-50 years. Data analysis was conducted by descriptive statistics, χ² test, univariate multinominal logistic regression using SPSS 26.0 program and SPSS complex samples statistics. As a result of the study, 90.2% of the young and old e-cigarette smokers had a good subjective health condition and 9.8% had a poor subjective health condition. The factors affecting the subjective health status of e-cigarette smokers are gender(p=.006), age(p=.036), income level(p=.044) in Model I, and physical activity (p=.033) and stress (p<.001) in Model II. As a strategy to improve the subjective health status and quit smoking of e-cigarette smokers in the young and old, nursing intervention strategies are needed to increase physical activity and reduce stress.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

Cigarette smoking contributes to lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, oral diseases, etc. In desire to reduce their risk of disease, many cigarette smokers have tried to quit smoking. Sensory aspects of cigarette smoke are important for providing smoking satisfaction. Previously it was reported that citric acid aerosol significantly reduced craving for cigarettes and enhances smoking reduction and cessation. In this study, we tested whether a newly combined product Ciga-X, an aerosol for cessation aid, had toxicity in human embryonic lung fibroblast (MRC-9). The inhibitory effect of Ciga-X on cytotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine was examined in MRC-9, and craving for cigarettes and smorkers satisfaction after using Ciga-X was estimated. Ciga-X did not affect cell viability and had no toxicity in MRC-9. Ciga-X significantly inhibited not only CSE-induced cytotoxicity but also nicotine-induced cytotoxicity in MRC-9. One hundred and forty smokers rated the satisfaction for Ciga-X aerosol and craving reduction for cigarettes after using Ciga-X. The percentage of over 5 rating was 71.0% and 50.0% of subjects in satisfaction test for Ciga-X compared to their own brand and in craving reduction for cigarette, respectively. Besides, craving reduction for cigarette was highly correlated with the duration of smoking. Subjects have smoked under 10 years were more reduced in craving for cigarettes after using Ciga-X as compared to over 10 years (p=0.049). These results suggest that Ciga-X may be effective in promoting smoking abstinence with the reduction of CSE- or nicotine-induced human lung fibroblasts cytotoxicity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.118-126
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• 2020

The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between the warning picture on a cigarette pack and non-smoking attempt, which is expected to contribute to the negative perception of smoking as a research subject about smoking adolescents. An online survey data of the Youth Health Behavior in 2018 has been used, and 3,722 adolescents who are currently smokers were selected for the study. For the measurement of variables, demographic sociology, health-related, and smoking-related factors have been revised, and multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis has been performed. The perception rate of cigarette warning pictures among adolescents who smoke currently is 84.7%, and among them, the attempt rate to quit smoking is 72.8%. As a result of the multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis, there is a meaningful relationship between adolescent smokers' attempts to quit smoking and whether they perceived cigarette pack warning pictures, and school grade year, academic performance, stress perception, and ease of purchasing cigarettes have been also expressed as meaningful variables. To be based on the result, it is necessary to manufacture to design a cigarette pack warning picture that can be easily recognized by smoking adolescents in the future.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2017

Objectives: We examined the prevalence of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among middle-school students in Korea using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 2013. Methods: The GYTS in Korea was conducted between July and August 2013 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data were collected using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire from a nationally representative sample of middle-school students aged 13-15 years in sampled classrooms. Results: The GYTS in Korea was completed by 4235 students aged 13-15 years in 43 middle schools. Approximately one in five of the students (17.8%) reported that they had tried cigarettes in the past, while 5.2% reported currently being cigarette smokers. Current cigarette smoking was higher in boys (7.5%) than in girls (2.6%). Of the students, 29.7% had been exposed to secondhand smoke at home, 47.4% inside enclosed public places, and 53.9% in outdoor public places. Of the current cigarette smokers, 25.7% bought their cigarettes from a store despite a law prohibiting this. Additionally, 58.0% of students noticed point-of-sale tobacco advertisements or promotions, 66.8% of current cigarette smokers wanted to stop smoking, and 70.9% of students had been taught about the dangers of tobacco use in school. Conclusions: These findings provide an opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive tobacco control policy. The results suggest that youth have relatively easy access to cigarettes and are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke in public places, as well as to point-of-sale tobacco advertisements and promotions. Strict enforcement of the ban on tobacco sales to youth, expanding smoke-free areas, and advertising bans are needed to reduce tobacco use among youth.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of stop smoking. The data on which the analysis was based come from a survey of 355 middle-aged men in Seoul. The data was analyzed using proportion, x²-test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The following were the results; 1. Success rate of stop smoking is 19.9% of 229 persons who attempted to quit smoking. 2. As for the number of quit attempts, 33.3% of ex-smokers tried once; 25.4% of current smokers tried twice. 3. As for methods of quit attempts ex-smokers showed higher tendency in using will power and books/guides than current smokers who in using will power alone. 4. For the attitudes on smoking of family, the majority of ex-smokers and current smokers were opposed absolutely. 5. The main opposite to smoking were wives in cases of both ex-smokers and current smokers, but More ex-smokers answered that the main opposite to smoking were others than current smokers. 6. As for the measures of smoking in the office, more ex-smokers answered inviting than current smokers and more current smokers assigned a smoking spot than ex-smokers. 7. Majority of ex-smokers approve of restriction at public spot strongly. 8. As for the attitude about caution on a cigarette case, more ex-smokers insisted than current smokers. 9. There was a relation between the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge. 10. Stepwise Multiple Regression portray that following factors influence stop smoking in order named. (1) attitude on the smoking restriction at public spot, (2) methods of quit attempt, (3) attitude about caution on cigarette case. Even so, it turned out that these factors alone can explain only 20% of self-examination. Therefore study for the other factors ought to be continued. I submit following suggestions ending this study. 1. Continuous study of the other factors affecting stop smoking must be carried on. 2. Since there was a relation the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge, efficient health education is required using campaign and mass media.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.851-858
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• 2003

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has recently become a common cytogenic assay system for detecting exposure to chemical mutagens and carcinogens. One application of SCE is the monitoring of populations believed to have been exposed to such agents. A cross-sectional study of SCE frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 45 Koreans aged 61 to 84 years was conducted. The effect of cigarette smoking and age on SCE was assessed by different degrees of smoking status such as smokers (n = 14), ex-smokers (n = 16) and non-smokers (n = 15). Mean spontaneous SCE per cell for the smokers (11.5 $\pm$ 1.1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that for the non-smokers (8.8 $\pm$ 0.3). However, mean SCE frequencies per cell for the ex-smokers (10.3 $\pm$ 0.6) were not significantly different from those of the smokers or the non-smokers. The smokers showed an increased number of high SCE frequency cells (HFCs) when compared to the ex-smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). The mean SCE frequencies of the non-smokers showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) with the subject's age. These results show that age and smoking habits contribute a great deal in setting a higher degree of basal DNA damage in elderly Koreans, and smoking appeared to be a more significant damaging factor than age.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3839-3843
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• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is a major public health issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in recent years, particularly among adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking usage among adolescent students in the north of the country. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study investigated 305 adolescent students from the Northern KSA population, their ages ranging from 11 to 19 years old. Results: Of the 287 respondents, 56/287(19.5%) were found to be current smokers. Of the 56 current smokers, 14/52 (27%), 29/52 (55.8%), and 9/52 (17.2%) smoked 1-3, 4-10 and 11+cigarettes/day, respectively. For duration most had smoked for 26-36 months. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that cigarette smoking use is still an important risk behavior among adolescent students. The findings of this study found a significant association of cigarette smoking usage and adolescents various believes and attitude for initiation of smoking and perception toward knowledge of other factors that contribute to the burden of tobacco use.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.740-751
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• 1994

Sister chromatid exchanges(SCE) in peripheral lymphocytes is recently used as a biomarker for increased cytogenetic damage in smokers. The purpose of the investigation was to determine if there were any relationships between dietary factors and their DNA damage as measured by SCE test in a group of 62 male cigarette smokers and 36 non-smokers. As expected, smokers as compared with non-smokers had high SCE levels (10.59$\pm$0.21 versus 9.23$\pm$0.17 SCE/lymphocytes ; p<0.05). No significant relationships were observed between SCEs and age in smokers and non-smokers. In smokers, SCEs were negatively correlated with egg frequency score(r=-0.336) and total food frequency scores(r=-0.283). In non-smokers, SCEs were positively correlated with white vegetable frequency score(r=0.333) and instant food frequency score(r=0.382). There was a positive association between SCEs and the history of coffee intake of smokers(r=0.318). SCE frequency was not influenced by any other dietary factors considered ; dietary diversity and quality scores, alcohol consumption, use of processed foods and intake of burned food. No significant relationships were found between SCEs and serum cholesterol or other hematological parameters of the subjects. These results indicate that increased egg frequency score, total food frequency score which reflects dietary quality, and decreased coffee intake may reduce cancer risk by preventing smoking-induced DNA damage as reflected by sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

Objective : To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men in the Kangwha cohort after 12 years and 10 months of follow up. Methods : The subjects consisted of 2,681 men in the Kangwha cohort aged over 55 in 1985. Number of deaths and the time to death front all cancers and other cause were measured and the data for the smoking and drinking habits were obtained from the baseline survey data in 1985. All subjects were categorized into four groups according to their smoking habits: non-smokers, ex-smokers, mode(ate-smokers (1-19 cigarettes per day), heavy-smokers ($\geq$20 cigarettes per day). In addition, they were also categorized according to their drinking habits: non-drinkers, light-drinkers ($\leq$1 drink per week), moderate-drinkers (<3 drinks per day), heavy-drinkers ($\geq$3 drinks per day). The cancer specific death rates were calculated according to their smoking and drinking status. The adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths according to their smoking and drinking status were estimated using the Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Results : Using nonsmokers as the reference category, the adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths were 1.573(95% CI=1.003-2.468) for heavy-smokers. For lung cancer deaths, the adjusted risk ratios were 3.540(95% CI=1.251-10.018) for moderate-smoker and 4.114(95% CI=1.275-13.271) for heavy-smokers. Compared to non-drinkers, the adjusted risk ratio for stomach cancer was 2.204(95% CI=1.114-4.361) for light-drinkers. Conclusion : Smoking is the most significant risk factor for cancer deaths particularly lung cancer.