• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2017

Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol absorption so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Consumption of cholesterol-rich foods, such as eggs, has a minimal effect on circulating cholesterol levels in healthy humans. To gain insight, we investigated whether phospholipids rich in eggs (EPL) interfere with intestinal cholesterol absorption in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS: To investigate the acute effect of EPL on intestinal cholesterol absorption, male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 6, 11, or 19 mg of EPL for three days. We also tested the effect of chronic EPL consumption on cholesterol metabolism in the small intestine and the liver in mice with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/high cholesterol (HF/HC; 35% fat, 0.25% cholesterol, w/w) diet for 4 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia, and subsequently the mice were either fed 0, 0.4 or 0.8% (w/w) of EPL for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Intestinal cholesterol absorption was significantly decreased by the highest dose of acute EPL administration compared to control. Chronic EPL supplementation did not significantly alter intestinal cholesterol absorption nor plasma levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the small intestine and the liver, EPL supplementation minimally altered the expression of genes which regulate cellular cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: Although chronic EPL consumption was not able to counteract hypercholesterolemia in HF/HC-fed mice, acute EPL administration decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. This study provides in vivo evidence that acute administration of PLs in eggs prevent cholesterol absorption in the intestine, suggesting a mechanism for a minimal effect of egg consumption on circulating cholesterol levels.

• 한국식품영양과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양과학회 2004년도 Annual Meeting and International Symposium
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• pp.47-52
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the effects of egg phospholipids [(Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)] on intestinal absorption of cholesterol and other lipids. Each rat with Iymph cannula was infused via a duodenal catheter at 3.0 mL/h for 8 h with a lipid emulsion containing triolein, cholesterol and PC in 24 mL PBS. The PC in the lipid emulsion was egg PC (EPC), hydrogenated egg PC (HPC), or soy PC (SPC). The EPC in the lipid emulsion markedly lowered the Iymphatic absorption of cholesterol, compared with SPC and a lipid emulsion containing no PC. The HPC further lowered the absorption of cholesterol. The phospholipid output was not affected by the source of PC infused. The total Iymphatic output of oleic acid (18: 1), the major fatty acid infused in the form of triolein, did not differ among the NPC, SPC and EPC groups, but was significantly lower in the HPC group. The findings provide the first evidence that EPC markedly lowers the Iymphatic absorption of cholesterol under in vivo conditions. The inhibitory effect of EPC appears to be due to the higher degree of saturation of its acyl groups relative to SPC, suggesting that the intestinal absorption of egg cholesterol may be reduced by the presence of PC in e99 yolk. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether egg SM, structurally similar to PC, also inhibits the Iymphatic absorption of cholesterol. Egg SM lowered the Lymphatic absorption of cholesterol in a dose dependent manner. Likewise, SM lowered the Iymphatic absorption of oleic acid, whereas it had no effect on retinol absorption. SM at a high dose lowered the Iymphatic outputs of both PC and SM, whereas there was no such effect at a lower dose. These results also indicate that luminal egg SM has an inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and other lipids of relatively high hydrophobicity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

Catechins exhibit a hypocholesterolemic effect in cholesterol-fed animals. The present study was conducted to examine whether (+)-catechin influences the absorption of cholesterol in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum an AIN-93G diet containing soybean oil for 5 wk. Rats with lymph cannulae were infused at 3.0 mL/h for 8 h via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing radiolabeled cholesterol with or without (+)-catechin. Lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. The enteral infusion of (+)-catechin significantly lowered the lymphatic absorption of $^{14}$ C-cholesterol (21.1 $\pm$ 3.6% dose/B h) compared with controls infused with the lipid emulsion devoid of (+)-catechin (38.2 $\pm$ 1.2% dose/8 h). The intestinal absorption of $\alpha$-tocopherol (24.2$\pm$3.0% dose/8 h) also was significantly decreased by (+)-catechin infusion, relative to controls (32.2$\pm$2.2% dose/8 h). However, the lymphatic outputs of oleic acid and phospholipid were not affected by enteral (+)-catechin infusion. The results indicate that (+)-catechin has a profound inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and $\alpha$-tocopherol without affecting the absorption of fat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2001

This study done to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect of ow dietary fiber in a high cholesterol diet in aspect of cholesterol absorption and excretion using Sprague Dawley rats. After feeding diets containing 0.5% cholesterol and 5% tangerine pulp, sea tangle or prickly pear cactus for four weeks, we measured the levels of plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride, fecal neutral sterols and fecal radioactivity after ingestion 14(sup)C-cholesterol. We also examined platelet aggregation and histological change in liver tissues in association of hypercholesterolemia. The liver to body weight ratio was significantly(p<0.01) lower in rats fed prickly pear cactus than in other groups. The levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased significantly(p<0.01) in the prickly pear cactus group compared with the control, while there was no difference in the liver levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride among groups. Fecal corprostanol and cholesterol were significantly(p<0.01) higher groups of control and prickly pear cactus compared to the other two groups. Radioisotope excretion after ingestion of 14(sup)C-cholesterol was higher in the control group than in tangerine pulp group or sea tangle group, with the highest in prickly pear group. Radioisotope excretion was the highest during the 2nd and 3rd days in all groups. Hematocrit and platelet aggregation were decreased in all fiber groups compared to the control, but not statistically different. Microscopic examination showed that cholesterol diet cause a fat accumulation in the liver and prickly pear cactus decreased the fat accumulation. Result indicates that prickly pear cactus has hypocholesterolemic effect by decreasing absorption and increasing excretion of cholesterol, thereby protective effect on fatty liver. Control group fed diet containing high cholesterol and low fiber seems to have a self control system in cholesterol absorption and excretion preventing hypercholesterolemia. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 141-149, 2001)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.232-239
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• 1985

The effects of total saponin, triol and diol saponin, and prosapogenin of ginseng on the absorption of cholesterol and the component of serum lipids was observed as a function of time using isotopic method. The following results were obtained. 1) Labelled cholesterol absorption was observed to be enhanced after adminstrations of total saponin, triol saponin, and. prosapogenin of ginseng to rat (Sprague Dawley). 2) Decreases in the amount of serum lipid were observed after administration of total saponin and prosapogenin of ginseng.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1712-1717
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• 2009

본 연구는 capsaicin 투여가 콜레스테롤을 포함한 지방의 소장 흡수율에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하기 위해서 설계되었다. 지방의 소장 흡수율을 측정하기 위해서 흰쥐 소장 지방 흡수율 측정모델을 이용하여, 쥐의 십이지장으로 capsaicin이 포함된 지질유화액을 8시간 동안 지속적으로 주 입하면서 8시간 동안 림프관으로 분비되는 14C-cholesterol, α-tocopherol, 지방산을 분석하여 capsaicin에 의한 영향을 비교하였다. 8시간 동안 분비된 림프액의 양은 대조군과 capsaicin군 간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. α-tocopherol의 흡수율에서도 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 총 8시간 그리고 시간대별 14C-cholesterol 흡수율은 대조군과 비교하였을 때 capsaicin군에서 유의적인 차이로 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 중성지방의 흡수율의 비교에서도 팔미트산, 스테아르산, 아라키돈산, DHA의 흡수율은 두 군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 지방유화액을 통해 주입한 올레인산의 흡수율에서는 유의적인 감소현상을 보였다. 결론적으로, capsaicin의 응용성은 비만 치료 및 지방대사 조절과 관련해 특히, 소장 지방 흡수대사에 치중한 식이적인 수단의 근거로써 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.296-304
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• 1998

The effects of common Korean dietary fiber-rich foods(dried sea mustard, Lentinus edodes and Korean radish leaves) on total gut transit time of diet, serum cholesterol level and mineral apparent absorption ration and tissue level were investigated. Twenty eight male were divided into 4 groups and were fed a control diet(containing 2% cellulose) and three fiber supplementary diet mixed with 10% of the above dietary fiber rich foods for 4 weeks, respectively. Body weight gain and food efficiency ration were not affected by the supplementary diet of fiber but the total gut transit time of diet was shortened in all dietary fiber groups. The Lentinus edodes reduced significantly serum total cholesterol and increased the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio at 4th week without and effect on calcium and iron apparent absorptions and tissue levels of the minerals. Radish leaves decreased significantly iron apparent absorption ration with a tendency to increase iron retention in spleen and did not alter serum cholesterol level. Serum cholesterol concentration and calcium and iron apparent absorptions were not significantly altered by the ingestion of sea mustard, while it had more soluble dietary fiber than mushroom and radish leaves.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.783-788
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• 2016

본 연구는 수수의 섭취가 대표적인 트랜스지방산인 elaidic acid, linoelaidic acid와 cholesterol의 소장흡수에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 조사하기 위하여 설계하였다. 소장의 지방흡수를 in vivo 상태에서 측정하기 위해 소장흡수율 측정모델을 이용하여 십이지장주입관과 림프채취관을 삽입하는 미세수술을 진행하였다. 실험동물의 십이지장으로 $146.4{\mu}mol$ trielaidin, $36.8{\mu}mol$ trilinoelaidin, $452.0{\mu}mol$ triolein, $1.0{\mu}Ci$ $^{14}C-cholesterol$, $20.7{\mu}mol$ cholesterol, $396.0{\mu}mol$ Na-taurocholate, PBS buffer(pH 6.4)가 포함된 지질유화액만 공급받는 동물군을 대조군, 수수추출물이 혼합된 지질유화액을 공급받는 동물군을 수수군으로 설계하였다. 지질유화액은 시간당 3 mL씩 8시간 동안 주입하면서 림프관으로 흡수되는 elaidic acid, linoelaidic acid와 각종 지방산 그리고 $^{14}C-cholesterol$의 양을 분석하여 수수에 의한 영향을 비교하였다. 먼저 8시간 동안 분비된 림프액의 양은 대조군과 수수군 간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 하지만 8시간 동안의 elaidic acid 흡수는 수수추출물의 공급으로 유의적으로 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. Linoelaidic acid 또한 마찬가지로 수수추출물 공급으로 유의적으로 그 흡수가 억제된 것으로 나타났다. 트랜스지방산을 비롯해 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, $^{14}C-cholesterol$ 또한 대조군보다 수수군에서 흡수가 유의적으로 억제된 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 수수추출물이 트랜스지방산과 cholesterol의 소장 흡수를 억제할 수 있다는 사실을 증명한다. 이번 연구를 바탕으로 수수 섭취가 트랜스지방이나 cholesterol의 흡수를 농도 비례적으로 억제할 수 있을지, 소화흡수 과정 중 정확히 어떤 과정에 영향을 미쳤는지에 관한 연구가 앞으로 진행될 과제라고 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.655-662
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• 2007

This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 (LAB) on cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Four treatment groups of rats (n=9) were fed experimental diets: normal diet, normal $diet+LAB(2{\times}10^6\;CFU/day)$, hypercholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol, w/w), and hypercholesterol diet+LAB. Body weight, feed intake, and feed efficiency did not differ among the four groups. Supplementation with LAB reduced total serum cholesterol (25%) and VLDL+IDL+LDL cholesterol (42%) in hypercholesterol diet groups, although hepatic tissue cholesterol and lipid contents were not changed. In the normal diet group, cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase expression), absorption (LDL receptor expression), and excretion via bile acids (cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ expression) were increased by supplementation with LAB, and increased cholesterol absorption and decreased excretion were found in the hypercholesterol diet group. Total fecal acid sterols excretion was increased by supplementation with LAB. With proportional changes in both normal and hypercholesterol diet groups, primary bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were reduced, and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic and lithocholic acids) were increased. Fecal neutral sterol excretion was not changed by LAB. In this experiment, the increase in insoluble bile acid (lithocholic acid) reduced blood cholesterol level in rats fed hypercholesterol diets supplemented with LAB. Thus, in the rat, L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 is more likely to affect deconjugation and dehydroxylation during cholesterol metabolism than the assimilation of cholesterol into cell membranes.