• Computers and Concrete
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2016

Currently, most of the investigations on chloride diffusion were based on the experiments and simulations concerning single cation type chlorides. Chloride diffusion associated with dual or multi cation types was rarely studied. In this paper, several groups of diffusion experiments are conducted using chloride solutions containing single, dual and multi cation types. A multi-ionic model is also proposed to simulate the chloride diffusion behavior in the experimental tests. The MATLAB software is used to numerically solve the nonlinear PDEs in the multi-ionic model. The experimental and simulated results show that the chloride diffusion behavior associated with different cation types is significantly different. When the single cation type chlorides are adopted, it is found that the bound rates of chloride ions combined with divalent cations are greater than those combined with monovalent cations. When the dual/multi cation type chlorides are adopted, the chloride bound rates increase with the $Ca^{2+}/Mg^{2+}$ percentage in the source solutions. This evidence indicates that the divalent cations would markedly enhance the chloride binding capacity and reduce the chloride diffusivity. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis, it is also found that the complicated cation types in source solutions are beneficial to reducing the chloride diffusivity.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2012

신선절단 딸기의 품질유지에 유효한 갈변억제제의 사용조건을 규명하기 위하여, 원형 딸기를 절단하고 1% 농도의 ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride의 단용 또는 혼용 처리, 포장 및 보관 후 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 포장 내부의 산소와 이산화탄소 농도는 혼용 처리구에서 유의적으로 가장 높고 낮은 수준을 보였다. 갈변도는 혼용 처리구에서 가장 낮았으며, 다음으로 magnesium chloride 단용 처리구에서 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 과육경도의 감소는 sodium chloride나 magnesium chloride 단용 처리구에서 다소 억제됨을 보였으나 혼용 처리구에서 보다 더 억제되었다. 가용성 고형분 함량과 pH는 갈변억제제 처리의 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 이로써, ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride의 혼용 처리는 신선절단 딸기의 갈변과 연화 억제를 통한 품질유지에 효과적인 방법인 것으로 판단된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.249-253
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• 1984

Mutual diffusion coefficients of choline chloride were determined by using the diaphragm cell method in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate A at $25^{\circ}C$. The diffusion coefficients of choline chloride in 0.1g/100ml, 0.5g/100ml and 1g/100ml respectively of chondroitin sulfate solutions were compared with those of binary systems of water-choline chloride. At low concentrations, the diffusion coefficients of the choline chloride in the presence of chondroitin sulfate were significantly smaller than the values obtained in the absence of chondroitin sulfate, indicating a strong interaction between these solutes. The effect of this interaction on the diffusion of choline ion is largest at higher chondroitin sulfate concentrations and at lower choline chloride concentrations. The influence of chondroitin sulfate is overcome at higher choline chloride concentrations. Self-diffusion coefficients of choline ion in the presence of chondroitin sulfate are also obtained. Excellent agreements were obtained between the experimental data and the calculated values obtained by using the Manning's equations. These observations suggest that the interaction between choline chloride and chondroitin sulfate involves primarily a long range electrostatic effect and there is no appreciable "condensation" or binding of choline ion to the chondroitin sulfate.

• 약학회지
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• 제11권3_4호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1967

At present, quarternary ammonium salts(cationic surfactant) and Tego compounds (amphoteric surfactant) are used as germicidal agent. In this paper, it was investigated whether their germicidal activities are influenced or not by some suspending agents which are added to them 0.005% benzalkonium chloride aq. solution and 0.05% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine aq. solution sterilized respectively against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within a minute. The solutions aded acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate solutions to make to 0.005% to above surfactants solution decreased the germicidal activity, not being sterilized bacteria for more than 2 hours however, the solutions decreased the germicidal activity by addition of suspending agents such as acacia, carboxymethyl cellose, sodium alginate and bacteria were survival for more than 2 hrs, 0.05% of benzalkonium chloride and 0.1% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine respectively would be sterilized within 10 minutes, when added to 5% suspending agents. This result show that bactericidal action of dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine is affected by suspending agents less than that of benzalkonium chloride.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.66-70
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• 1990

sucrose-Nacl-물의 3성분 혼합액체의 점도를 예측하기 위한 모델을 결정하기 위하여 온도 $10{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, NaCl농도 $1.0064{\sim}5.7037mol$, sucrose농도 $0.3436{\sim}2.5966mol$의 범위에서 점도 실험을 행한 결과 다음의 결과를 얻었다. NaCl용액의 점도는 식 (8)로, sucrose용액의 점도는 식 (5)로 나타낼 수 있었다. 또한 식 (8)과 (5)의 계수들은 강한 온도의존성을 가지고 있었고 식 (7)로 표현되었다. NaCl-sucrose-물의 3성분 혼합액체의 점도는 5개의 계수를 가진 다항식인 식 (9)로 상당히 정확하게 표현할 수 있었고, NaCl용액과 sucrose용액 사이에는 상호작용은 거의 없는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2008

The ionic equilibira in mixed solutions of cuprous and cupric chloride were analyzed by considering chemical equilibria, mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of solutes were calculated by using Bromley equation. Required thermodynamic constants and interaction parameters were evaluated from the data reported in the literature. The effect of NaCl and CuCl concentrations on the pH and potential of the mixed solutions was explained in terms of the variation in the concentration of solutes and in the activity of hydrogen ion. The calculated pH values of the mixed solutions agreed well with the measured values. However, the calculated values for the potential of the mixed solutions were lower than the measured values, indicating the necessity of considering the complex formation between cuprous and chloride ion, such as $Cu^2Cl{_4}^{2-}$ and $Cu_3Cl{_6}^{3-}$.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-46
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• 1997

Ultrastructure of mouse thymus was evaluated, following the administration of potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride, the heavy metals of evironmental pollutants. Potassium dichromate (20 mg/kg) or mercuric chloride solutions (10 mg/kg) were subcutanously injected to the mice. Six hours, three days and two weeks after the injections, animals were sacrificed. Thymic tissues were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solutions. The procedure was followed by the fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide solutions. Washed and dehydrated tissue-blocks were embedded in the araldite mixture. Ultra-thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate solutions. Results observed were as follows: 1. In electron microscopy, cortical population of thymocytes in the thymus of experimental groups were reduced. especially in the outer cortex. Subcapsular cortices of potassium dichromate treated mice were filled with many epithelial reticular cells, whereas the similar area of mercuric chloride-treated mice exhibited large intercellular spaces. 2. In the thymus of mercuric chloride treated group, large intercellular spaces were formed by shrinkage of epithelial reticular cells, and the space was invaded by numerous cytoplasmic projections of macrophages. Thymocytes nuded out from the shrunken cytoplasm of epithelial reticular cells, presented numerous microvilli. 3. In the thymus of potassium dicromate treated group, many activated macrophages and plasma cells migrated into thymic cortices. 4. In the perivascular spaces of thymic cortices of potassium dichromate- and mercuric chloride-treated mice, activated macrophages. plasma cells, collagen fibrils, and flocculent substance of exudated materials were exhibited. From the above findifgs, it was concluded that potassium dichromate or mercuric chloride could disturb the normal differentiation or 'education' of T cells in the thymic cortex. In turn, these heavy metals may hurt the immunological defense mechanism.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2021년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.63-64
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• 2021

The corrosion inhibition properties of conifer cone (Pinus resinosa) extract were studied in synthetic concrete pore solutions (SCPS) with and without chloride environments by electrochemical methods. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that the conifer cone (CC) extract showed promising inhibition behavior by diminishing the corrosion rate of steel rebar both solutions i.e. with and without chloride. The extract of conifer cone hinders the corrosion reaction between steel rebar and aggressive ions. Further, it can be verified that the up to 1000mg.L-1 of CC extract can able to reduce the corrosion rate of steel rebar in chloride contaminated concrete.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2022

The effect of addition of Cu on the localized corrosion performance of aged duplex stainless steel in chloride media has yet to be explained in a consistent manner, and there is some controversy in the literature regarding the composition of stainless steel and the experimental conditions (pH, temperature, chloride concentration, etc.) used. In this work, the effect of the addition of Cu on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel in an acidic chloride or high concentration sulfuric acid solutions was investigated for annealed and aged alloys. The Cu addition of annealed duplex stainless steel strengthened the alloy and reduced the ferrite contents of the alloy, and it also increased the polarization behavior in chloride or sulfuric solutions, except for the case of a high potential in acidic chloride solution. However, the Cu addition of aged duplex stainless steel reduced the formation of harmful phases such as sigma and kai and increased the polarization behavior in acidic chloride or sulfuric solutions up to 0.8 wt% of the Cu content, after which it slightly decreased at 0.8 wt% Cu or more.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.483-490
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• 2005

A novel, polysaccharide-based, superabsorbent hydrogel was synthesized through crosslinking graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto kappa-carrageenan ($_{k}C$), using ammonium persulfate (APS) as a free radical initiator in the presence of methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. A proposed mechanism for $_{k}C$­g-polymethacrylic acid ($_{k}C$-g-PMAA) formation was suggested and the hydrogel structure was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of grafting variables, including MBA, MAA, and APS concentration, was systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with the maximum possible swelling capacity. The swelling kinetics in distilled water and various salt solutions were preliminarily investigated. Absorbency in aqueous salt solutions of lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and aluminum chloride indicated that the swelling capacity decreased with increased ionic strength of the swelling medium. This behavior can be attributed to the charge screening effect for monovalent cations, as well as ionic crosslinking for multivalent cations. The swelling of super absorbing hydrogels was measured in solutions with pH ranging from 1 to 13. In addition, the pH reversibility and on-off switching behavior, at pH levels of 3.0 and 8.0, give the synthesized hydrogels great potential as an excellent candidate for the controlled delivery of bioactive agents.