• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2017

Bicarbonate/carbonate and molybdate anions have been characterized for their inhibitive effect on pitting corrosion of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution by using electrochemical tests such as electrochemical impedance (EIS) and linear polarization (LP). It was revealed that bicarbonate/carbonate has a weak inhibitive effect on pitting corrosion that is approximately one order of magnitude lower compared to hydroxide. Molybdate is effective against pitting corrosion induced by the concentration of chloride as low as 113 mM and can increase the pitting potential of a previously pitted sample to the oxygen evolution potential by the concentration of molybdate as much as 14.6 mM only. The formation of a $CaMoO_4$ film on the surface hinders the reduction of dissolved oxygen on the steel surface, reducing corrosion potential and increasing the safety margin between corrosion potential and pitting potential further. In addition, pore-plugging by $FeMoO_4$ as a type of salt film within pits increases the likelihood of repassivation.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 서울시내 위치한 39개 콘크리트 고가차도의 중성화 깊이, 가용성 염화물량 및 철근의 자연전위 등을 측정하여 열화의 원인을 분석하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 전체 조사대상 구조물 가운데 철근위치까지 중성화 깊이가 진행된 구조물은 약 25%에 해당되었으며 중성화 속도는 물-시멘트비 60%, R=1의 조건인 kishitani의 제안식 3.727 $\sqrt{t}$ 보다 5%가 빠른 3.92 $\sqrt{t}$로 나타났다. 콘크리트의 염화물량의 조사결과에서는 전체 측정부위의 24%가 임계염화물량을 초과하였으며 철근의 자연전위는 -350mV(vs. CSE)이하로 측정된 것이 약 31%에 해당되는 구조물로서 과다한 염화물량이 철근부식의 주요 원인이 되는 것으로 조사되었다. 자연전위 -350mV 이하인 구조물에 한한 철근부식의 주요요인을 추정한 결과, 약 60%에 해당하는 부위가 치대 허용염화물량을 초과하였기 때문으로 분석된다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 2019

Modeling approach for mesoscopic model of concrete depicting mass transportation and physicochemical reaction is important since there is growing demand for accuracy and computational efficiency of numerical simulation. Mesoscopic numerical simulation considering binder, aggregate and Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) generally produces huge number of DOFs, which is inapplicable for full structure. In this paper, a three-dimensional multiscale approach describing three-phase structure of concrete was discussed numerically. An effective approach generating random aggregate in polygon based on checking centroid distance was introduced. Moreover, ITZ elements were built by parallel expanding the surface of aggregates on inner side. By combining mesoscopic model including full-graded aggregate and macroscopic model, cases related to diffusivity and thickness of ITZ, volume fraction and grade of aggregate were studied regarding the consideration of multiscale compensation. Results clearly showed that larger analysis model in multiscale model expanded the diffusion space of chloride ion and decreased chloride content in front of rebar. Finally, this paper addressed some worth-noting conclusions about the chloride distribution and rebar corrosion regarding the configuration of, rebar diameter, concrete cover and exposure period.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.245-253
• /
• 2009

콘크리트 내 철근부식상에 있어 염화물이온의 중요성은 임계염화물농도 (CTL)로서 나타내어진다. CTL은 철근을 둘러싼 부동태피막의 파괴를 유지하게끔 하는데 필요한 염화물량으로 정의되며 염화물량이 CTL에 도달할 경우 철근의 부식은 시작된다. CTL의 중요성에도 불구하고 기존의 콘크리트 구조물의 내구수명 예측을 위한 염화물량은 1 $m^3$의 단위체적당 1.2 kg 혹은 시멘트 중량당 0.4%로서 제시되고 있으며 이는 염해부식환경하의 다양한 환경 인자에 따른 한계치 설정에 대한 불확실성을 고려하지 않은 값이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 부식개시의 지표로서 결합재의 특성에 따른 부식저항성 및 부식진전에 따른 비율에 대하여 실험연구를 수행하였다. 실험시편으로는 직경 10 mm의 원형 철근을 모르타르 내 몰드에 삽입하여 OPC와 40%OPC+60%GGBS, 70%OPC+30%PFA 및 90%OPC+10%의 SF을 치환한 시편에 대하여 W/C=0.4의 조건으로서 실험을 수행하였다. 각 시편에는 다시 10단계 (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% by weight of binder)의 내재염분 농도조건을 부여하여 부식전류를 측정하였다. 시편은 28일 양생을 하였으며 수분손실 및 염분손실을 방지하고자 폴리에틸렌 필름을 이용한 도포양생을 수행하였다. 선형분극저항 측정법에 의한 실험결과로서 각 결합재 치환률에 따른 부식임계치가 결정되었다. 또한 OPC, 60%GGBS, 30%PFA 및 10%SF의 혼입치환률을 적용한 시멘트 모르타르의 CTL 값은 시멘트 중량당 1.6%, 0.45%, 0.8% 및 2.15%의 총염화물 농도로 나타나고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.439-449
• /
• 2008

혼화재를 사용한 혼합콘크리트는 콘크리트의 품질을 개선시키며 지속가능한 콘크리트구조물의 건설에도 기여하고 있다. 실리카퓸 (SF), 고로슬래그미분말 (GGBS), 플라이애쉬 (PFA) 등의 시멘트계 결합재는 고성능콘크리트의 혼화재로서 인식이 증가되고 있으나, 삼성분계 혼합콘크리트에 대한 연구는 매우 제한적이며, 특히 염해에 의한 부식저항성 측면에서의 연구는 상당히 취약한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 보통포틀랜드시멘트의 경우를 50%의 치환율로 고정한 후 고로슬래그미분말의 경우는 $20{\sim}40%$, 실리카퓸의 경우에는 $5{\sim}15%$, 플라이애쉬의 경우는 $10{\sim}45%$로 치환한 경우의 각종 배합에 의한 염해부식저항성에 관한 실험연구를 수행하였다. 삼성분계 혼합콘크리트의 염해부식저항성을 평가한 본 연구에서는, 수행 실험으로서 부식 저항성 실험, 염소이온 고정화 능력 실험, 급속 염화물 촉진 실험, 산중성화 저항 능력 실험 등을 수행하였다. 연구 결과로서, 삼성분계 콘크리트는 미세구조를 치밀화 하여 염소이온의 이동을 지연시키고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 염분을 함유한 삼성분계 혼합콘크리트 내의 염소이온 고정화 능력 및 산중성화 저항 능력이 크게 개선되고 있음을 확인하여 염해에 대한 부식 저항성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제6권5호
• /
• pp.421-435
• /
• 2009

Chloride induced corrosion is a concern that governs the durability of concrete structures in marine environments, especially in tidal environments. During the service lives of concrete structures, internal cracks in the concrete cover may appear due to imposed loads, accelerating chloride penetration because of the simultaneous action of environmental and service structural loads. This paper investigated the effects of cyclic flexural loads on chloride diffusion characteristics of plain concretes, and proposed a model to predict the chloride penetration into plain concretes subjected to both tidal environments and different cyclic flexural load levels. Further, a new experiment was performed to verify the model. Results of the model using Finite Difference Method (FDM) showed that the durability of concretes in tidal environments was reduced as cyclic flexural load levels, SR, increased, and the modeling results fitted well with the experimental results.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.409-414
• /
• 2002

This study is intended to develop the self water proof admixture for durability concrete by anti-corrosion inhibitor. Chloride induced corrosion of reinforcement is one of the main factor which cause the deterioration of concrete structure. When the substitute anti-corrosion agents for a part of self waterproofing agent, the corrosion-proof increases for the increased water proofing capacity. And proper self waterproofing agent by cement weight in concrete was generally positive effect to concrete compressive strength, slump, freezing and thawing resistance. Also, permeability and absorption show a straight decrease when self waterproofing agent is added.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2011

Corrosion of steel bars embedded in concrete admixed with 0%, 2% and 4% calcium nitrite (CN), having compressive strengths of 20 and 46 MPa was investigated. Reinforced concrete specimens were immersed in 3% NaCl solutions for 1, 7 and 15 days where 0.4A external current was applied to accelerate the chemical reactions. Corrosion rate was measured by retrieving electrochemical data via potentiodynamic polarization technique. Pull-out tests of reinforced concrete specimens were then conducted to assess the corroded steel-concrete bond characteristics. Experimental results showed that corrosion rate of steel bars and steel-concrete bond strength were dependent on concrete strength, amount of CN added and accelerated corrosion period. As concrete strength increased from 20 to 46 MPa, corrosion rate of embedded steel decreased. The addition of 2% CN to concrete of 20 MPa was not effective in retarding corrosion of steel at long time of exposure. However, the combination of higher strength concrete and 2% or 4% CN appear to be a desirable approach to reduce the effect of chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement. After 1 day of corrosion acceleration, specimens without CN showed higher bond strength in both concrete mixes than those with CN. After 7 and 15 days of exposure, the higher concentration of CN, the higher bond strength in both concrete mixes achieved, except for the concrete specimen of 20 MPa compressive strength with 2% CN that recorded the highest deterioration in bond strength at 15 days of exposure.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제28권7호
• /
• pp.428-434
• /
• 2018

Hydrogen evolution on a steel surface and subsequent hydrogen diffusion into the steel matrix are evaluated using an electrochemical permeation test with no applied cathodic current on the hydrogen charging side. In particular, cyclic operation in the permeation test is also conducted to clarify the corrosion-induced hydrogen evolution behavior. In contrast to the conventional perception that the cathodic reduction reaction on the steel in neutral aqueous environments is an oxygen reduction reaction, this study demonstrates that atomic hydrogen may be generated on the steel surface by the corrosion reaction, even in a neutral environment. Although a much lower permeation current density and significant slower diffusion kinetics of hydrogen are observed compared to the results measured in acidic environments, they contribute to the increase in the embrittlement index. This study suggests that the research on hydrogen embrittlement in ultra-strong steels should be approached from the viewpoint of corrosion reactions on the steel surface and subsequent hydrogen evolution/diffusion behavior.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제56권2호
• /
• pp.688-706
• /
• 2024

Austenitic stainless steels (ASS) are extensively employed in various sectors such as nuclear, power, petrochemical, oil and gas because of their excellent structural strength and resistance to corrosion. SS304 and SS316 are the predominant choices for piping, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, nuclear reactor core components and support structures, but they are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in chloride-rich environments. Over the course of several decades, extensive research efforts have been directed towards evaluating SCC using diverse methodologies and models, albeit some uncertainties persist regarding the precise progression of cracks. This review paper focuses on the application of Acoustic Emission Technique (AET) for assessing SCC damage mechanism by monitoring the dynamic acoustic emissions or inelastic stress waves generated during the initiation and propagation of cracks. AET serves as a valuable non-destructive technique (NDT) for in-service evaluation of the structural integrity within operational conditions and early detection of critical flaws. By leveraging the time domain and time-frequency domain techniques, various Acoustic Emission (AE) parameters can be characterized and correlated with the multi-stage crack damage phenomena. Further theories of the SCC mechanisms are elucidated, with a focus on both the dissolution-based and cleavage-based damage models. Through the comprehensive insights provided here, this review stands to contribute to an enhanced understanding of SCC damage in stainless steels and the potential AET application in nuclear industry.