• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2010

In the present review, the merit of ginseng in the improvement of insulin resistance has been introduced. Using the results in previous studies, we found that ginseng or ginsenoside Rh2 has the ability to reduce glucose-insulin index in rats with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was induced by feeding of fructose-rich chow in rats. Insulin resistance was characterized by regular methods. Effectiveness of ginseng powder or extract Rh2 was identified in this animal model. Also, the application of ginseng for handling of diabetic disorders in China has been discussed. According to Chinese traditional medicine, ginseng is merit in the treatment of diabetic disorders named as Shiaw-Ker in Chinese. Therefore, it is no doubt that ginseng is helpful in the control of diabetic disorders either prevention or the treatment. Otherwise, the potential effect of ginseng on nervous functions shall be investigated in the future.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.192-197
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• 1997

As a part of searching for new antitumor agents from natural products, 94 kinds of Chinese plants were extracted with petroleum ether/ether (1:1), ethyl acetate and methanol, successively and their cytotoxicities were evaluated against A549 (human lung carcinoma) cell line. Among them, six kinds of ether extracts, seven kinds of ethyl acetate extracts and one kind of methanol extracts showed significant cytotoxic activities (above 70% inhibition) at a concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$. These results surest that they may be involved in natural sources with possible anticancer activities.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.69-73
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• 1993

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.335-342
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• 2002

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this experiment is comparing the difference on natural killer cell activity through Korean red ginseng and Chinese red ginseng by $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Methods : Thirty rats were equally divided into a Korean red ginseng group, a Chinese red ginseng group and a control group. Korean and Chinese red ginseng were administrated to the rats at 200mg daily for a weak, while 0.9% normal saline was given to the control. Percent specific lysis (PSL) and lytic units (LU) were calculated from spleen cells by $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Results : Percent specific lysis of the Korean red ginseng group was significantly higher than that of the control in the ratio of 100:1, effector cell:target cell (p<0.05). Percent specific lysis of Korean red ginseng group was also significantly higher than that of the Chinese red ginseng group in the ratio of 25:1, effector cell:target cell (p<0.05). Chinese red ginseng showed no effect on NK cell activity. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Korean red ginseng improves immunologic function and shows superior effects than Chinese red ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.862-866
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyze aroma pattern of Panax species (Korean Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Chinese Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L, and Panax notoginseng F.H. Chen) by the PHGC (potable handheld gas chromatograph). Ratios of several peak areas in chromatogram of derivative parrtern were as follows. If ratio of Korean Panax ginseng was 1, Panax notoginseng was $0.030{\sim}0.674$, Chinese Panax ginseng was $0.005{\sim}0.212$ and panax quinquefolium was $0.241{\sim}0.871$. Ratios of peak area at $Rt_{20.02}$ were that if Korean panax ginseng was 1, Chinese Panax ginseng was 0.212, Panax quinquefolium was 0.343 and Panax notoginseng was 0.065. Ratios also of peak area at $Rt_{21.70}\;and\;Rt_{24.90}$ showed clear difference among aroma patterns of Panax specie cultivars. Flavor component at $Rt_{26.15}$ was not detected in Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng but in Korean Panax ginseng and Chinese Panax ginseng. Ratios of peak area at $Rt_{26.15}$ were that if Korean Panax ginseng was 1, Chinese Panax ginseng was 0.185. And so habitat of Panax species cultivars was discriminated. Cultivar and habitat of dried panax species was remarkably distinguised by the chromatogram of frequency pattern, derivative pattern and visual pattern using olfactory images known as Vapor $print^{TM}$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.606-611
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• 2004

In East-South Asia it has been known that Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) increases blood pressure, whereas American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius) doesn't. This study was designed to find out if Korean ginseng really could increase blood pressure comparing with American ginseng. Double-blind randomized controlled trials on blood pressure and pulse rate of Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans and Chineses was performed. There was no significant difference on blood pressure and pulse rate between Korean ginseng and American ginseng in both Koreans and Chineses by repeated-measures ANOVA. It was revealed that Korean ginseng does not increase blood pressure. Maybe the concept that Korean ginseng increases blood pressure is concerned with commercial interests dealing with American Ginseng.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.837-841
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• 2003

In East-South Asia it has been widely known that Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) increases body temperature, whereas American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius) decreases it. This study was designed to find out if Korean ginseng could increase body temperature comparing with American ginseng. Double-blind randomized controlled trials on body temperature of Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans and Chineses was performed by using electronic thermometer at the ear. There was no significant difference between Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans as well as Chineses by repeated-measures ANOVA. It was revealed that Korean ginseng does not increase body temperature. Maybe the concept that Korean ginseng increase body temperature is concerned with commercial interests dealing with American Ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.750-758
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• 2022

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional condition between normality and dementia. Ginseng is known to have effects on attenuating cognitive deficits in neurogenerative diseases. Ginsenosides are the main bioactive component of ginseng, and their protein targets have not been fully understood. Furthermore, no thorough analysis is reported in ginsenoside-related protein targets in MCI. Methods: The candidate protein targets of ginsenosides in brain tissues were identified by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) coupled with label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Network pharmacology approach was used to collect the therapeutic targets for MCI. Based on the above-mentioned overlapping targets, we built up a proteineprotein interaction (PPI) network in STRING database and conducted gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Finally, we assessed the effects of ginseng total saponins (GTS) and different ginsenosides on mitochondrial function by measuring the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and performing molecular docking. Results: We screened 2526 MCI-related protein targets by databases and 349 ginsenoside-related protein targets by DARTS. On the basis of these 81 overlapping genes, enrichment analysis showed the mitochondria played an important role in GTS-mediated MCI pharmacological process. Mitochondrial function analysis showed GTS, protopanaxatriol (PPT), and Rd increased the activities of complex I in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking also predicted the docking pockets between PPT or Rd and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Conclusion: This study indicated that ginsenosides might alleviate MCI by targeting respiratory chain complex I and regulating mitochondrial function, supporting ginseng's therapeutic application in cognitive deficits.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.101-107
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of Cultivated Ginseng and Cultivated Wild Ginseng of Korean and Chinese by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ and t-BHP in mice and evaluated serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, treated control group, and orally administered Cultivated Ginseng and Cultivated Wild Ginseng of Korean and Chinese experimental groups. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as Total bilirubin, AST, and ALT contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. In the $CCl_4$ induced acute hepatotoxicity test, total bilirubin, AST and ALT didn't show significant differences between the control and experimental groups. 2. In the t-BHP induced acute hepatotoxicity test, total bilirubin, AST and ALT didn't show significant differences between the control and experimental groups. Conclusion : Taken together, Cultivated Ginseng and Cultivated Wild Ginseng of Korean and Chinese cannot be effectively used for recovering the liver functions in acute hepatotoxicity tests using $CCl_4$ and t-BHP. Further researches, for example treated long period, must be tried to verify the efficacies.