• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2009

The loci of the 5S and 45S rRNA genes were localized on chromosomes in five species of Capsicum, namely, annuum, chacoense, frutescens, baccatum, and chinense by FISH. The 5S rDNA was localized to the distal region of one chromosome in all species observed. The number of 45S rDNA loci varied among species; one in annuum, two in chacoense and frutescens, and chinense, and four in baccatum, with the exceptions that 'CM334' of annuum had three loci and 'tabasco' of frutescens gad one locus. 'CM334'-derived BAC clones, 384B09 and 365P05, were screened with 5S rDNA as a probe, and BACs 278M03 and 262A23 were screened with 25S rDNA as a probe. Both ends of these BAC clones were sequenced. FISH with these BAC probes on pachytenes from 'CM334' plant showed one 5S rDNA locus and three 45S rDNA loci, consistent with the patterns on the somatic chromosomes. The 5S rDNA probe was also applied on extended DNA fibers to reveal that its coverage measured as long as 0.439 Mb in the pepper genome. FISH techniques applied on somatic and meiotic chromosomes and fibers have been established for chili to provide valuable information about the copy number variation of 45S rDNA and the actual physical size of the 5S rDNA in chili.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2008년도 제49회 학술심포지움 및 국제학술대회
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• pp.69.2-69.2
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• 2008

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.282-293
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• 2016

뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne spp.)은 고추(Capsicum spp.)를 포함한 여러 가지과 작물에서 경제적인 손실을 일으키는 주요 식물 병원균 중 하나이다. 이러한 뿌리혹선충에 의한 작물의 피해는 친환경적인 방제법인 저항성 품종의 재배로 줄일 수 있다. 선충병에서는 식물에서 선충의 후대생산이 억제되었을 때 그 식물을 저항성으로 간주한다. 시판 중인 고추(Capsicum annuum) 품종 102개의 뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne incognita)에 대한 저항성 정도를 감수성 대조 품종인 'PR 희망찬'에 형성된 난낭의 수와 비교하여 평가하였다. 실험한 고추 품종 중 44개 품종(43.1%)은 저항성을 그리고 18개 품종(17.6%)은 중도저항성을 보였다. 그리고 나머지 40개 품종(39.3%)은 감수성을 나타냈다. 그리고 뿌리혹선충(M. incognita)에 의해 발생하는 고추 뿌리혹선충병에 대한 효율적인 저항성 검정법을 확립하기 위하여 실험한 품종 중 저항성 정도가 다른 6개 품종을 선발하였다. 그리고 이들 6개 고추 품종의 접종원 농도, 고추 생육 시기 및 이식 후 배양 기간 등의 발병 조건에 따른 뿌리혹선충에 대한 저항성 차이를 조사하였다. 발병 조건에 따른 품종들의 저항성 차이 결과들을 바탕으로 M. incognita에 대한 고추의 저항성 정도를 검정하기 위한 효율적인 방법으로 온실($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$)에서 21일 동안 재배한 고추 유묘를 원예용 상토와 모래의 혼합토(1:1, v/v)에 이식하고 7일 동안 재배한 고추 유묘에 뿌리혹선충 M. incognita 알 5,000개를 접종하고 온실에서 45-60일 동안 재배하고, 뿌리에 형성된 난낭의 수를 조사하여 감수성 대조 품종인 'PR 희망찬'에 형성된 난낭 수와 비교하여 저항성을 판정하는 방법을 제안한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2007

CaCDPK4, a full-length cDNA clone encoding Capsicum annuum calcium-dependent protein kinase 4, was isolated from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Deduced amino acid sequence of CaCDPK4 shares the highest homology with tobacco NpCDPK8 and chickpea CaCDPK2 with 79% identity. Genomic blot analyses revealed that CaCDPK4 is present as a single copy in pepper genome, but it belongs to a multigene family. CaCDPK4 was highly induced when pepper plants were inoculated with an incompatible bacterial pathogen. Induced levels of CaCDPK4 transcripts were also detected in pepper leaves by the treatment of ethephon, an ethylene-inducing agent, and high-salt stress condition. The bacterial-expressed GST-CaCDPK4 protein showed to retain the autophosphorylation activity in vitro. GUS expression driven by CaCDPK4 promoter was examined in transgenic Arabidopsis containing transcriptional fusion of CaCDPK4 promoter. GUS expression under CaCDPK4 promoter was strong in the root and veins of the seedlings. GW (-1965) and D3 (-1377) promoters conferred on GUS expression in response to inoculation of an incompatible bacterial pathogen, but D4-GUS (-913) and DS-GUS (-833) did not. Taken together, our results suggest that CaCDPK4 can be implicated on signal transduction pathway of defense response against an incompatible bacterial pathogen in pepper.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2008년도 제49회 학술심포지움 및 국제학술대회
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• pp.70.1-70.1
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• 2008

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회:발표눈문요지록
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• pp.107-107
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• 2002

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2004년도 The 2004 KSPP Annual Meeting & International Symposium
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• pp.24-24
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• 2004

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• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2010

Two similar microbial fungicides (termed as MA and MB) developed in a Korean biopesticide company were analyzed and compared each other in their biocontrol activities against the phytophthora blight of chili pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. MA and MB contained the microbe Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, with concentrations over those posted on the microbial products. In comparison of the isolated microbes (termed as MAP from MA and MBB from MB) in the antagonistic activities against P. capsici was effective, prominently against zoospore germination, while MBB only significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of the pathogen. Some effectiveness of MAP and MBB was noted in the inhibition of zoosporangium formation and zoospore release from zoosporangia; however, no such large difference between MAP and MBB was noted. In a pot experiment, MA reduced the severity of the phytophthora blight more than MB, suggesting that the disease control efficacy would be more attributable to the inhibition of zoospore germination than mycelia growth of P. capsici. These results also suggest that the similar microbes MA and MB targeting different points in the life cycle of the pathogen differ in the disease control efficacies. Therefore, to develop microbial fungicides it is required to examine the targeting points in the pathogen's life cycle as well as the action mode of antagonistic microorganisms.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.267-283
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• 2015

This study aimed to characterize the use of spices in Korean cookbooks published from the 1400's to 1700's. We conducted a content analysis of seven old cookbooks ("Sangayorok", "Suunjapbang", "Eumsikdimibang"), "Yorok", "Jubangmun", "Somunsaseol", and "Jeungbosallimgyeongje"). We collected a total of 238 food recipes, including spices as ingredients. We analyzed the types of spices used and characteristics of the recipes according to 18 dish groups. As results, a total of 10 spices were used as ingredient: ginger, pepper, Chinese pepper, garlic, sesame, chili, mustard, cinnamon, fennel, and clove. Among 238 food recipes analyzed, ginger was used most often (40.3%), followed by pepper (36.1%), Chinese pepper (30.3%), garlic (17.2%), and so on. In particular, chili was used in 18 different kinds of food recipes, which were "Somunsaseol" and "Jeungbosallimgyeongje" published in 1700s. Spices were used in different dish groups mostly as condiments. Among 18 dish groups, Chimchae was the most frequent dish group (44 recipes), followed by Jjim Seon (31 recipes), Jang Yangnyeom (20 recipes) and rice cake cookie (20 recipes). Pepper or Chinese pepper were the most frequently used spices in all food groups except Chimchae, Hoe, Jang Yangnyeom and rice cake cookie, in which garlic, ginger, sesame and ginger were used most frequently, respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.643-654
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• 2021

Phytophthora capsici is one of the most destructive hemibiotrophic pathogens; it can cause blight in chili peppers, and secrete various effector proteins to infect the plants. These effectors contain an N-terminal conserved RXLR motif. Here, we generated full-length RXLR effector coding genes using primer pairs, and cloned them into the pGR106 vector for in planta expression. Two of these genes, PcREK6 and PcREK41 (P. capsici RXLR effector from the Korea isolate), were further characterized. PcREK6 and PcREK41 genes showed that they encode effector proteins with a general modular structure, including the N-terminal conserved RXLR-DEER motif and signal peptide sequences. PcREK6 and PcREK41 expressions were strongly induced when the chili pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) were challenged with P. capsici. These results provide molecular evidence to elucidate the virulence or avirulence factors in chili pepper. Our results also showed that two effectors induce hypersensitive response (HR) cell death when expressed in chili leaves. Cell death suppression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that most effectors could not suppress programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by Bcl-associated X (BAX) or Phytophthora infestans elicitin (INF1). However, PcREK6 fully suppressed PCD triggered by BAX, while PcREK41 partially suppressed PCD triggered by INF1 elicitin. These results suggest that PcREK effectors from P. capsici interact with putative resistance (R) proteins in planta, and different effectors may target different pathways in a plant cell to suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI).