• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2020

Purpose: To compare differences and changes in the parents' awareness regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for their children according to educational intervention. Methods: This study involved 1,034 parents with children aged 6-59 months, who lived in five areas in northern Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in 2015; the study was conducted using the questionnaire survey method. Survey items included awareness regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for children and future intentions of influenza vaccination and the underlying reasons. The participants were divided into 3 groups and differences according to education (group A: no education, group B: provided education) and the changes before and after education (group C) were analyzed. Results: Differences according to education between groups A and B were seen in the recognition of high-risk of influenza in their children, effectiveness of influenza vaccination, and cost of the influenza vaccine. Changes before and after education in group C were seen in the recognition of high-risk of influenza in their children, safety of influenza vaccination, cost of the influenza vaccine, and negativity toward the influenza vaccine. Conclusions: Educated parents were more aware regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for their children aged 6-59 months.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-115
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• 1980

Current statistics reveal remarkable prolongation of the average longevity in this country for the past decade. Welfare of the aged is no longer sole concern of the person or/and family. but has aroused social concern on the community and national level. This study was designed to assess social, economic and emotional needs of the aged. and to identify problems they are confronting. Data were gathered through questioning 273 subjects living in Seoul from July 25, to August 31. 19 80. Frequencies and percentile scores were analysed to describe the fact. and the significance of int or-variable differences was tested by Chi-square method. Results are : 1. Majority of the subjects (male : 65.38%). (female : 62.13%)“talk about past experiences”to re-collect their past days, the difference between male and female respondents was not significant. 2. Except few who earn their pocket money (4.21%). majority were doing household errands (34.52% ) and looking after their garnd children (29.26 ％）. Main sources of their pocket money revealed to be their children (84.02%) and their own savings (24.64% ). Except few (15％）engaged with social activities directly or indirectly. leisure hours are spent in chatting with aged neighbors (44.81%). Highest in the rank order on the joyous moments for the aged revealed to be when the members of family living apart paying a visit (male : 37.5%, female : 63.72%)difference of male and female was significant ( P<0.05). Among female respondents. significant difference between age group was revealed (p<0.05). 3. Majority prefered sin91e houses (84.30% ). as residential environment. the suburban (36.26% ) area was the filet in the rank order : difference between age group and the educational status were not significant. Majority of respondents revealed to have their own room in the house. The first preference was given to live with their children (68.86%). Memory of the past (37.36% )revealed to be the highest in the rank order among the reasons why they dislike moving the house. 4. Majority favored current welfare benefts provided for the old age. however. the ideal way to live at their old age they responded was to live on their own savings (50.54%). 5. Majority revealed to be daunted occasionally (62.27%) by not being less active (34.16%) socially and by poor physical health(29.75%). Male and female differ in the causes of loneliness significantly (P <0.001) : retirement (37.89%) in ale and helpessness (43.05%) in female revealed the highest in the rank order. Majority talk over their feelings with aged neighbors to overcome the loneliness. 6 Majority were in favor of planting and looking after pet animal in the house. however. male and female differ in the kind significantly (p <0.001), 7. Majority think about death and dying occasionally or more (84.11% ). Many of the respondents believes in the life after life (53.49%) : female revealed to be significantly higher (p <0.01). and subjects with christian belief were significantly higher than non-christians (P<0.001). Attitude towards death and dying differs significantly between male and female (P <0. 001) and between christians ans and nonchristians (p <0.001). Highest preference was given to simple funeral (69.85%). Precious heritage that they would pass on to their descendants was onoscience and ethical value(57. 51%) : christian response as the first value was christian belief (52.38%).

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of mothers' beliefs, guidance, and use of resources for writing on young children's writing ability. A total of 450 children aged 3 to 5 years and their mothers from 6 different provinces participated in this study. The results of this study are as follows. First, mothers conducted more writing guidance to older children. And their beliefs and use of resources for conventional writing were reinforced as children got older. There was no difference in mothers' beliefs and use of resources for emergent writing according to children's age. Second, mothers' beliefs, guidance, and use of resources for children's writing were robustly correlated. These correlations were prominent in each factor of emergent or conventional writing. Third, mothers' writing guidance and use of emergent writing resources had positive effects on children's writing ability, while the use of conventional writing resources had a negative impact.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.175-201
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• 2019

Objective: This study aims to develop and validate the musicality level of an individual child, based on the on performance tasks rubrics. Methods: The survey was conducted on 284 children(ages 3-5years old from kindergartens and day care centers), their parents, and their 51 teachers. The collected data were calculated and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. Results: Consisted of two components, two task types, 17 performance tasks, and 41 items in three dimensions. Rubrics were determined and based on the child's best performance, and categorized into five levels. Lastly, the item difficulty and item discriminating power were defined in order to comprehend the item quality analysis, which showed that average scores varied depending on the performance. Conclusion/Implications: The musicality rating scale for young children is significant in order to comprehend musicality levels through the performances of children aged three to five. This study has educational implications in that teachers can connect the results of the ratings to curriculum and promote the development of teaching and learning methodologies based on the musicality levels of individual children.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.757-768
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• 2004

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental and various measurement data of the head and face for Korean children. Two hundred sixty nine female children, aged nine to twelve years, participated for this study. The 28 regions on the head and face of the subjects were directly measured by the expert experimenters. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, GLM analysis and Tukey HSD test were performed' using these data. Through factor analysis, six factors were extracted upon factor scores and those factors comprised 71.42% for the total variances. Four clusters as their head and face shape were categorized using six factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by the shorter head & face length and width and the lowest position from forehead to nose. Type 2 had the longer head & face length and width and the highest ear position and the largest mouse width. Type 3 was characterized by the longest and head & face type and the widest head & face girth. Type 4 was characterized by shortest head & face length the lower ear and lips position.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.99-107
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the syllable and phoneme frequencies in the spontaneous speech of some Korean children. Sixty four normally developing children aged from 2 to 5 were involved (male: female=1 : 1, 16 children in each age group). Fifty connected utterances were analyzed using the KCLA (Korean Computerized Language Analysis) 2.0 and Exel. The findings were as follows: 1) /i/ was the most frequently used syllable and was followed by /yo/, /k/, /s'/, /nen/ and so on. 2) The most frequently used Korean phonemes were syllable-initial consonant /k/, syllable- medial vowel /a/ and syllable-final consonant /n/. 3) All seven syllable final consonants (/p,t,k,m,n,n,l/) were used more frequently in the word-medial position than in the word-final position. Three syllable initial consonants(/k, I, s'/) were used more frequently in the word-medial position than in the word-initial position. The syllable and phoneme frequencies in the Korean children's spontaneous speech will provide valuable information in interpreting the severity of phonological disorder and in developing tools for the Korean phonological assessment and intervention.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

Objective : Purpose of this study is to develop a Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) to screen sensory processing problems for children aged 3 to 5, and examine validity of the assessment. Method : A draft version of Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) has been developed and it was utilized to 138 caregivers of children who are 3 to 5 years old. Rasch analysis was used to test construct validity of SPS-C. Through the Rasch analysis, unidimensionality and adequacy of the rating scale were examined. Results : Based on the Rasch analysis, it was found that six items out of 56 items (10.7%) are misfits. And the results also showed that 3-points rating scale is more adequate than 5-points scale for SPC-C. Conclusion : The construct validity of a newly developed assessment, Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C), was established through this study. Further studies are needed to examine other psychometric properties of the assessment, using the one modified based on the results in this study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.359-363
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the association of Japanese schoolchildren's involvement in at-home meal preparation with food intake and cooking skill. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We included 1,207 fifth-grade children aged 10-11 years and one parent of each child. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data on involvement in at-home meal preparation. Correspondence analysis was used to classify involvement in at-home meal preparation into three groups: food-related activities (cooking only or with other activities such as shopping, table-setting, clean up, and dishwashing), non-food-related activities (table-setting and/or clean up), and no (helping) activities. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to examine involvement in at-home meal preparation associations. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,207 fifth-grade children. Vegetable intake was lower in the no (helping) activities group than the food-related activities group (95% CI; boys: 1.2, 5.1, girls: 2.0, 8.9). Fewer children in the non-food-related activities group reported they were able to make a portion of their meals compared with the food-related activities group (95% CI; boys: 1.6, 3.5; girls: 1.5, 3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Children in the food-related activities group showed more favorable food intake and cooking skills than children in the no (helping) activities or non-food-related activities group.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.149-168
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship between fathers' involvement in parenting, mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction, and children's smartphone addiction. Methods: The subjects of this study were 327 children aged between 3 and 5 who were attending nurseries and kindergartens in Gyeonggido, Gangwondo, and Busan, South Korea, and their mothers, fathers, and teachers. The data collected from the subjects were analyzed based on correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: First, the fathers' involvement in parenting had a direct effect on their children's smartphone addiction, and no direct effect on the mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction. Second, the mother's parenting stress had a direct effect on the mother's smartphone addiction and direct and indirect effects on their children's smartphone addiction. Third, the mother's smartphone addiction had a direct effect on their children's smartphone addiction. Conclusion/Implications: The findings in this study suggest the fathers' involvement in parenting and the mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction have effects on their children's smartphone addiction. Based on these results, the study proposed ways to prevent children's addiction to smartphones and provided suggestions for further research.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 1985

It has been a long time since the cephalometrics was introduced to orthodontic field for diagnosis and treatment planning, but it's main concern was limited to hard, skeletodental tissue. It is well known that perioral and facial soft tissue determine the position of individual teeth and that the abnormality in size and shape of the soft tissue are able to cause malformed occlusion. Because of our lack of knowledge about resultant morphologic changes in the relationship between skeletal pattern and specific pattern of lingual and facial muscles, we can't help setting greater value on only abnormalities of teeth in the skeletal interrelationship. In a point of view that the orthodontist is dealing primarily with muscular structures around the dentition, the tongue, lips, and cheeks, therefore it may be desirable to estimate these structure and their potential influence on the dentition on developmental and time base. The author hit upon on idea of the aspect above, so studied on the intermaxillary space and tongue space and this study used the data from cephalometric films of 33 male and 40 female subject aged from 6 to 11 years of normal Korean children following results were obtained: 1. Means and standard deviation of Korean children were obtained. 2. Yearly increment of each variables were obtained. 3. There is the correlationship more than average among the variables except posterior intermaxillary height item. 4. There are differences between male children and female children in all variables except posterior intermaxillary space item. 5. All variables increased as the age increased except posterior intermaxillary height item of male children.