• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.506-511
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of distraction by use of a cellular phone on pain and fear during venipuncture procedure for hospitalized preschool children. Method: Fifty four preschool children aged 3-6 were recruited from one university affiliated hospital in Daegu. Participants were assigned to the control(n=27) to receive usual care or intervention group(n=27) to receive distraction plus usual care. For the assessment of children's pain, FACE scale and mothers' perceptions of their own children's pain, visual analogue scale(VAS) were used. For the assessment of fear, Procedure Behavioral checklist developed by Lebaron and Zeltzer was used. Results: Results showed that intervention group demonstrated significantly less pain scores on FACE(t=2.19, p<.03) as rated by children and on VAS(t=2.78, p<.01) as rated by their mothers. Intervention group showed also significantly less fear scores(t=2.30, p<.02) as rated by the researcher. Conclusion: Distraction with cell phone for relieving pain and fear during venipuncture procedure was effective for the hospitalized preschool children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.64-68
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• 2011

Purpose: The normal values for lung resistance and lung capacity of children, as determined by impulse oscillometry (IOS), are different for children of different ethnicities. However, reference values there is no available reference value for Korean preschool children have yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to determine the normal ranges of IOS parameters in Korean preschool children. Methods: A total of 133 healthy Korean preschool children were selected from 639 children (aged 3 to 6 years) who attended kindergarten in Seongnam, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Healthy children were defined according to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria. All subjects underwent lung function tests using IOS. The relationships between IOS value (respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at 5 and 10 Hz and resonance frequency (RF)) and age, height, and weight were analyzed by simple linear and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: The IOS success rate was 89.5%, yielding data on 119 children. Linear regression identified height as the best predictor of Rrs and Xrs. Using stepwise multiple linear regressions based on age, height, and weight, we determined regression equations and coefficients of determination ($R^2$) for boys ($Rrs_5=1.934-0.009{\times}Height$, $R^2$=12.1%; $Xrs_5=0.774+0.006{\times}Height-0.002{\times}Age$, $R^2$=20.2% and for girls $(Rrs_5=2.201-0.012{\times}Height$, $R^2$=18.2%; $Xrs_5=-0.674+0.004{\times}Height$, $R^2$=10.5%). Conclusion: This study provides reference values for IOS measurements of normal Korean preschool children. These provide a basis for the diagnosis and monitoring of preschool children with a variety of respiratory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2015

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationships among mothers' depression, home environment, and preschool children's development. The participants in this study were 199 parents of 3- to 5-year-old children. Statistical methods used for the data analysis were the frequencies, means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation, simple and multiple regression. The major findings were as follows. First, mothers' depression had a negative influence on home environment. Second, mothers' depression had a negative influence on children's development. Last, the effect of mothers' depression on children's development was partially mediated by home environment. The results suggest that mothers' depression and home environment may predict children's development.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine whether there is an association of oral health conditions between mothers and their preschool children in Korea. A sample of 823 preschool children and their mothers were selected for this study from the database of the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition examination Survey. Preschool children were defined as children aged 4, 5, and 6 years old. The subjects were clinically examined for the presence of caries lesions (dft index) and their mother was checked for the presence of dental caries (DMFT index) and periodontal status (CPI). The socio-demographic characteristics and mother's oral health behaviours were considered covariates in this study. Univariate and multivariate analysis was adapted to assess the association of oral health condition between mothers and their preschool children. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences between preschool children's dft index and their mother's age (p=0.005), dental treatment demand for the past one year (p=0.034), and DMFT index (p=0.016). In multivariate analysis, only mother's DMFT index was significantly associated with their children's dft index after adjusting for covariates. In conclusion, the mother's oral health was partly associated with their preschool children's oral health in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.68-77
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• 2013

Objectives : This study reports a massive vision screening on preschool children of Yangsan city in Kyungnam Province. Methods : From March to July 2012, we conducted vision and color test on 1,409 preschool children aged from one to six and used Auto Kerato-Refractometer(KR-8900) on children with naked vision below 0.5 in order to detect the cause of poor vision. Written form of test result is filled and distributed to each parents. Uncooperative 195 children were excluded and the rest were statistically analyzed by using SPSS version 18.0 program. Results : 16 children(1.1%) had dyschromatopsia and the number of boys was threefold higher than that of girls. The average visual acuity was 0.8 to 0.9 regardless of age. 45 children(3.8%) showed myopia, 82 children showed hyperopia(6.8%), 4 children showed anisometropia(0.3%), among which 16 children were wearing glasses. Conclusions : This study has a great significance that a massive preschool vision screening was carried out by Korean medicine hospital for the first time.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

This study examined whether preschool children's meta-socialization (conceptions of social situations) and their responses differed according to the children's gender. The participants were 78 preschool children living in Seoul, Korea. The results showed gender differences in the children's conceptions of social situations and in their responses to social situations. Firstly, a girl's conceptual judgments about social situations were more developed and dependent on the teacher's authority. Secondly, the boys showed direct and physical responses, while girls showed indirect, linguistic, and emotional responses in moral and social-conventional situations. In addition, girls made more frequent responses to 'Choice Assertion' in personal situations than boys.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.159-172
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were (1) to explore the stability of social acceptance when childen transferred from kindergarten to elementary school, and (2) to identify factors that predict children's social acceptance in new school environments. Twenty two children of 'J' kindergarten who were transfering to 'S' elementary school were sampled at the end of their kindergarten year. They were administered social acceptance tests, a school readiness test, and the simplified version of the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. A sample of 135 children including the 22 children of 'J' kindergarten were administered social acceptance tests in the middle of the first grade of elementary school and questionnaires on their children's social experiences were completed by their parents. Social acceptance scores were found to be stable from kindergarten to elementary school. School readiness test scores and distractibility ratings by preschool teachers were moderately correlated with post-transition social acceptance. Among the social experiences variables, duration and number of preschool experiences were significantly correlated with social acceptance in the first grade of elementary school. There were no significant differences of social acceptance score according to the type of kindergarten.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.221-232
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for evaluation of preschool children's peer competence and to examine its validity and reliability. The 15 items of the preliminary scale were completed by teachers, and peer rating scale for assessment of peer acceptance was administered to 365 children 5 to 6 years of age. The methods for data analysis included item analysis, factor analysis for construct validity, Pearson correlations between teacher's ratings of peer competence and children's ratings of peer acceptance for concurrent validity, and Cronbach's u for reliability. The 15 items of the scathe were found be satisfactory in terms of item response distribution and item discrimination. Factor analysis revealed that a 3-factor solution was the best fit: sociability, prosocial behavior, leadership in peer relations. Correlations between teacher's ratings and children's ratings were as significant. Cronbach'so ranged from .88 to .93 for three subscales and .93 for the total scale. It was concluded that the psychometric properties of the peer competence scale in general were acceptable for use.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.161-176
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the phonological awareness ability of preschool children with speech disorders. Subjects were composed of 18 articulatorily-disordered preschool children and 18 phonologically-disordered children of 4-6 years old. Percent of correct consonants and phonological awareness ability were tested. Results showed as follows: First, there was no remarkable difference between the two groups in percent of correct consonants. Second, the average of the total scores of the phonological awareness test showed a remarkable difference between the two groups. The same result was found in the small groups classified by the age. Because there was a remarkable difference in the phonological awareness ability in the test groups, the phonological awareness ability can be employed as an important parameter to distinguish articulatorily-disordered children from phonologically-disordered children.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.53-66
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• 2018

This study investigated the development of English phonological awareness in preschool children based on a longitudinal study. It carried out a phonological matching task, mispronunciation task, articulation test, explicit phoneme awareness task, rhyme matching task, and initial-phoneme matching task for three-, four- and five-year-old children. A letter knowledge test was also added to the tests for the 5-year-old children. The results revealed that the development of phonological awareness follows a progression of syllable, then onset and rhyme, then phoneme. It was also revealed that language skills such as vocabulary, detection of mispronunciations, and articulation were partially related to the development of phoneme awareness. Finally, we also found that letter knowledge partially affected the children's development of phonological awareness.