• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.99-112
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• 1995

This study aimed (1) to classify Korean kindergarten childrens' attachment to their mothers based on a system for classifying attachment organization developed by Main and Cassidy (1988), and (2) to investigate the relationship of attachment and temperament and mothers' child rearing behavior. 76 kindergarteners and their mothers were observed and videotaped in the strange situation. The modified PTQ(Parent and Teacher Temperament Questionnaire) for children 3-7 years of age and the IPBI(Iowa Parent Behavior Inventory: Mother Form) were administered respectively to 76 mothers to assess their parenting behavior and their children's temperament. The data were analyzed by percentiles, Pearson's correlations, and canonical correlation analysis. Results indicated that there was a little difference between the attachment classification of Main and Cassidy(1988) and that of Korean kindergarten children. There were significant correlations between children's temperament and the attachment to their mother. And mothers' parenting behavior was significantly related to the security of attachment. The canonical correlation analysis indicated that independent variables all together accounted for about 7.5% of the variation in attachment-variables.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2019

Objective: The study looked at the relationship between the mother's adult attachment, the children's problematic behavior and the mother's nurturing attitude. In doing so, this study tried to determine whether the mother's nurturing attitude would play a moderating role in the context of the effect of mother' adult attachment on the children's problematic behavior. Methods: we surveyed 352 mothers of 3~5 year old infants who were financially dependent on day care centers. Results: The problematic behavior of being daunted is high when mothers' adult attachment of avoidance is high and when mothers have low level of controlling pattern in their nurturing of their children. The problematic behavior of anxiety and depression was observed when adult attachment of anxiety was high and low level of controlling pattern in their nurturing. Meanwhile, when the externalized problematic behaviors were examined, no interaction effect of mothers' adult attachment and nurturing pattern was observed in all sub-levels of the children's externalized problematic behaviors. Conclusion/Implications: We could see how the influence of parenting attitude appears in mothers with unstable adult attachment. In addition, mothers with unstable adult attachment may be able to confirm that the quality of the interaction of the parent-child relationship and the form of the child's problem behavior differ according to the level of the mother's parenting attitude in the child's problem behavior. The results of this study showed that mothers with unstable adult attachment differed in the form of problem behaviors of infants according to mother's parenting attitude in infant problem behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect on mother-fetus attachment through mother-fetus interaction promotion program of talking and tactual stimulation aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primipara Non-equivalent control group posttest design was used. Fifty primiparas (26 mothers for intervention group and 24 mothers for control group) were recruited from three general hospital and an OBGY clinic located in Gang Nung city. Data was collected from January 30th to December 20th in 2001. For the intervention group, programed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction promotion of talking and tactile stimulation in the 1st trimester. Telephone counselling was provided with interval of two weeks. For two groups, home visiting for data collection of mother-fetus attachment was conducted at 36 to 38 weeks of gestational age. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher' Exact test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effect of intervention program was determined with t- test. The result was as follow: The significant difference was found in mother-fetus attachment between two groups(t= 2.772, P= 0.0079). It indicated that intervention program was effective in improving mother-fetus attachment. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas to fetus's movement promoted mother-fetus attachment. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus's movement should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial for formation of mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.147-164
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) intergenerational transmission from mother's internal working model of relationships formed in her childhood and infant's attachment patterns and (2) the associations among maternal working models, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment patterns. The subjects were twenty 12- to 20-month-old infants and their mothers. The Adult Attachment Interview (1996) was used to assess mother's internal work model of relationships. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Each dyad was videotaped in the modified Ainsworth Strange Situation(1978) and filmed for 3 minutes in the Questionaire Situation of Smith and Pederson (1988). Mothers were classified as autonomous(F), dismissing(Ds), preoccupied(E), or unresolved/disorganized(Ud). Infants were classified as secure(B), insecure-avoidant(A), or insecure-resistant(C). Exact A/B/C/D and Ds/F/E/Ud agreement was observed in 55% of the dyads. Maternal sensitivity was related to infant attachment patterns but not to maternal working models.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.85-105
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of victimization by peers on self-esteem and the role of father/mother attachment and friendship with a range of 354 2nd-grade junior high school students(169 boys and 185 girls). The subjects reported victimization, father/mother attachment, friendship(number of friends and presence of a best friend), self-esteem and their peers rated victimization, too. The result indicated that (1) Victims in the end of the second semester were also those who were victimized by peers in the end of the first semester, (2) The victimization by peers effected on self-esteem in boys and girls, (3) The interaction effect of victimization and parent attachment on self-esteem was statistically significant only for boys, and friendship on self-esteem was statistically significant only for girls.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 1995

The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relations between infant-mother attachment and maternal sensitivity, maltreatment, stress, and childhood experience, and (2) relations between infant-mother attachment and infant temperament. The subjects of the study were 55 14 to 20 month-old infants (27 boys and 28 girls) and their mothers in Seoul. In order to assess the patterns of infant-mother attachment, each infant-mother dyad was videotaped in the modified Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Each dyad was filmed for 3 minutes in the Questionnaire Situation of Smith and Pederson(Smith, & Pederson, 1988) to assess maternal sensitivity responding to infant's cues. Each mother also was interviewed by using a semi-structured questionnaire made by author to measure maternal maltreatment. Each mother was asked to complete three Likert-type questionnaires, containing Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (Abidin, 1990) to measure the maternal stress, Mother-Father Peer Scale (MFPS) (Epstein, 1983) to measure childhood experience, and Emotionality, Activity, Sociality (EAS) (Buss, & Plomin, 1984) to measure infant's temperament. The statistical procedures used for data analyses were correlation, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient. The results showed that (1) mothers of insecure-avoidant infants maltreated their infants more than mothers of secure infants, and (2) in the multiple regression analysis, maternal maltreatment was predicted by maternal education, maternal stress (parent domain), and maternal childhood experience in relation to her own mother (acceptance vs. rejection).

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.253-272
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• 2008

This study compared mother-toddler physical interaction by play type (traditional play, free play, block play), and child's sex and age. Subjects were 10 boys and 10 girls ranging in age from 25- to 36-months and their mothers. An observer videotaped the children and their mothers at play in their homes. Results showed that (1) mothers' physical interaction was not distinguished by play type or by child's sex or age. (2) Mothers expressed more positive emotion in traditional than in block play. (3) Younger children's play interactions were more nonverbal. (4) Children expressed more positive emotions in traditional play. This study provides groundwork for mother-toddler traditional play programs with potential for improving positive expression of emotion and attachment.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate effects of Meridian massage on the growth of the infant and on mother-infant interaction, mother-infant attachment, and the mother's satisfaction with her mothering role. Method: The participants were 39 mothers of infants who were seen at one of two urban public health centers located in Yangju or Seoul. Data were collected from February 2008 to December 2008. Infants in the experimental group were given Meridian massage for 50 minutes (lecture 20 minutes, practice 15 minutes, preparation and arrangement 15 minutes) once a week for 6 weeks. Percentages, means with standard deviation, $X^2$-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS program to analyze the data. Results: Infants in the experimental group showed an increase in weight & height compared to those in the control group. Mother-infant interaction, mother-infant attachment, and satisfaction with mothering role were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. Conclusion: The above finding suggest that Meridian massage should be applied in clinical practice to improve growth of infants, interaction and attachment between infants and their mothers, and the mother's satisfaction with her mothering role.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.69-79
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• 2006

This study investigated intergenerational transmission from mother's attachment representation to infant's attachment pattern and the associations between maternal attachment representation and their childhood experiences. Subjects were forty 12- to 15-month-old infants and their mothers. The Adult Attachment Interview (Main & Goldwyn, 1984) was used to assess mother's attachment representation. The Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1978) was used to classify infant's attachment relationship. Mothers were classified as autonomous (F), dismissing (Ds), preoccupied (E), or unresolved/disorganized (Ud). Infants were classified as secure (B), insecure-avoidant (A), insecure-resistant (C), or insecure-disorganized (D). Exact A/B/C/D and Ds/F/E/Ud agreement was observed in 30 of 40 dyads(75%). Maternal childhood experiences were related to maternal attachment representation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2006

The effects of the Attachment Promotion Therapy (APT) program for the autistic children were reviewed by 8 papers. The program was consisted with play activity centered mother-child interaction, educational activity for parents, lecture, video-feedback, and support. APT program was effective to improve the attachment behaviors and attachment security. And the mother's behaviors to her child became more child-centered, positively responsive, expressive supportively. Ninety six point seven percent of the mothers were satisfied with the APT program. They described that it was helpful to understand their children's developmental limitation and strength, to learn how to play with their children, to make supportive social network among the mothers, to minimize familial conflicts, and to make them much more comfortable with their children. They thought the APT Program was to be a steppingstone of the further educational program. APT program is an effective early intervention to promote social development and decrease autistic problems.