• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.271-284
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship of attitudes of parents and their unmarried adult child concerning the family value orientation. In addition to this study examined the relationship to child's family value orientation and related variables. The major findings 1) Gender, mother's value of marriage, religion were influential factors on the child's value of marriage.2) Gender and mother's value of sex role were influential factors on the child's value of sex role. 3) Child's gender was only influential factor on child's value of child. 4) Gender, mother's value of filial piety, father's value of filial piety were significant factors which have some effects on child's attitudes toward value of final piety. 5) Gender, mother's value of familism, religion were significant factors which have some effects on child's attitudes toward value of familism. 6) Gender, mother's family value orientation, father's family value orientation were influential factors on child's family value oreintation. In conclusion, this study found that child's gender was the most influential factor on child's family value orientations. And mother's family value orientations had strong effects on children's family value orientations.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate dual gender identity, masculine gender identity, feminine gender identity, undifferentiated gender identity with related to Sex, home environments, parental child-rearing attitude of warmth, parental child-rearing attitude of control, role division of parents and determine predictors for dual gender identity. Method : Study subjects were $6^{th}$ grade of primary students with 2,118. Data was collected from Oct to Nov 2003 by using structured questionnaire. Results : ${\cdot}$ Among the children, 345 had masculine gender identity, 529 had feminine gender identity, 526 had undifferentiated gender identity, and 718 had dual gender identity. ${\cdot}$ There were significant differences in the children's sex, mother's age, father's age, mother's educational level, father's educational level, existence of mother's job, father's job, social economic status, sex of siblings, mother's job satisfaction, family structure, family atmosphere, child-rearing attitude(warmth and control), role division of parents($p{\leq}0.001$) among 4 groups. ${\cdot}$ The significant predictors for dual gender identity were children's sex (OR = 0,196, P =0.001), father's age(OR = 31.053, p = 0.020), mother's educational level(OR = 43,980, p = 0.001), father's job(OR=27.465, p = 0.001), social economic status(OR=O.941, p=0.001), sex of siblings(OR = 0.329, p = 0.005), mother's job satisfaction(OR = 0.673, p =0.001), family structure(OR = 0.887, p = 0.001), family atmosphere(OR = 23.786, p = 0.001), parental Child-rearing attitude of warmth(OR = 8.043, p = 0.001) and child-rearing attitude of control(OR = 0.666, p = 0.005), role division of parents(OR = 3.009, p = 0.001). Conclusions : These findings suggest the necessity of broad understandings about factors which influence dual gender role, and construction of combinative model. Also they suggest parent education for establishment of children's dual gender identity.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.19-34
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• 2020

Objective: This study investigated the effects of the firstborn's gender and temperament on the fertility intention and follow-up childbirth of parents. Methods: A total 120 firstborns and their mothers were selected from the sample of the Panel Study on Korean Children. Child temperament traits were measured by Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire(ECBQ) and mothers stated their fertility intention in 2009 when their first child was under 2 years old. Follow-up childbirth of mothers was assessed from the data of PSKC in 2016. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference by gender in follow-up birth. Among aspects of temperament, fertility intention was affected by the firstborn's inhibitory control and follow-up birth was affected by the firstborn's gender and discomfort. For mothers with a boy, the firstborn's soothability affected mothers' follow-up childbirth. Conclusion/Implications: These results imply that gender and temperament of the first child are connected to mothers' fertility intention and follow-up childbirth. Extra studies are required to clarify how those factors affect mothers' parenting or psychological status. Meanwhile, the firstborn's gender and temperament should be considered when developing support programs for families with one child in order to increase follow-up birth rate.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's conceptions about gender and the relation between gender conceptions and preference for gender related tasks. 130 children were interviewed about gender and gender related tasks. Data were analyzed with the component model of gender schema. Results indicated that children's gender schema in the attitudes domain was significantly different with age in all components but not different with sex. The gender schema in the knowledge domain was significantly different with age in within component and between component links, and with sex in the gender label-component and within component links. The difference between the gender inhibitory score and gender facilitative score was significantly different with age, sex, and children's gender schema. The findings that gender schema influenced the children's preferences for gender related tasks suggests a theoretical rationale of gender schema theory.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.133-150
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• 2004

This study aimed to find the effect of parental experiences from the family-of-origin and childrearing behaviors on their children's behavioral problems, as well as if this path differed according to the child's gender. The subjects were 1247, 4/sup th/ and 5/sup th/ graders in eight elementary schools and their parents in Seoul, Pusan, and Daejon, Korea. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) to verify the theoretical models among the variables. The results showed differences between the father-child model and the mother-child model on the pathways of the impact of parental experiences from the family-of-origin upon the child's internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems through parental negative rejection and permission childrearing behaviors. Specifically, 1) the father-child model showed a gender difference on the pathways of the impact of the father's experiences from the family-of-origin upon the child's internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems through the father's rejection and permission childrearing behaviors; whereas, 2) The mother-child model showed no gender difference on the pathways of the impact of the mother's experiences from the family-of-origin upon the child's internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems through the mother's negative childrearing behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 1994

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a component model of gender role and differences in children's gender concepts with age and sex. The secondary purpose was to investigate the relationship between children's gender schema and memory as well as preference for gender related task. 181 children were interviewed about gender concepts and gender related tasks. Results indicated that three dimensions of the component model (i. e., gender label-component links, within-component links, between-component links) were significantly related to each other. The mean scores of gender role knowledge and attitude were different with age but not with sex. The results of the regression analysis showed that children's age, sex, and gender role attitude explained both memory and preference for gender related tasks. The component model had better explanatory power than the simple model. The findings of the present study suggest that children's gender concepts are better described in terms of the component model than the simple model and may contribute to a theoretical rationale for gender schema theory.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

This study investigated whether Korean mothers' emotion socialization beliefs are related to emotional functioning in children differing across gender. We interviewed Korean mothers (N = 100) of first graders (55 boys; 45 girls) about their sensitivity, their reactions to children's distress, and children's emotion regulation. Two components of emotion regulation were distinguished: regulation and negativity. Results revealed that mothers' proactive sensitivity and their supportive reactions were related to their children's regulation, whereas unsupportive reactions were related to children's negativity. Child gender moderated the associations between mothers' socialization beliefs and children's emotion regulation: mothers' proactive sensitivity was more strongly associated with competent regulation in girls than in boys. Mothers' unsupportive reactions were related to increased negativity only in girls. Results are discussed from a cultural perspective, focusing on gender differences in the links between maternal socialization and children's emotional outcomes in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.77-100
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• 2007

This study investigated child's self-esteem by the mediational role of mother's parenting self-efficacy and its relations to perceived social support, parenting behavior, and stress, and to child's temperament and gender. Participants were 403 Korean children(188 boys, 215 girls) and their mothers living in Seoul. Structural equation modeling for boys and girls and their mothers indicated that parenting self-efficacy mediated the relation between social support and parenting behaviors including Warmth-Acceptance and Rejection-Restriction. In these models, parenting self-efficacy related to child's self-esteem through parenting behavior. Child's temperament related to self-esteem directly in three parenting behavior models. In Permissiveness-Nonintervention, parenting self-efficacy mediated between social support and self-esteem in both boy's and girl's models, between child's temperament and self-esteem in only boy's model.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 2005

This study investigated the effects of children's temperament and environmental factors on boys' and girls' noncompliance in ecological context. Observations were made of 62 children(34 boys and 28 girls, $\bar{x}$= 44 months) enrolled in child-care centers. Mothers and caregivers completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's Correlation, and three way ANOVA. Results showed no significant gender difference in noncompliance. There were correlations between children's activity level, maternal rejection and responsiveness, quantity of child-care and boys' noncompliance. For girls, only activity level and quantity of child-care were related to noncompliance. The effects of maternal child-rearing behavior and child-care variables on noncompliance varied by children's gender and temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.29-47
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• 2001

In this study of 79 3- and 4-year-old children, behavioral inhibition was assessed by their preschool teachers; mother-child attachment was assessed by the researchers in home visits; and mothers reported on their parenting and their child's emotionality at 6-12 months of age. Findings were that insecure attachment was related to high child's distress reactions to limitations (negative emotionality) in early infancy and to strong maternal rejection/hostility. Higher maternal sensitivity to child's inhibition was related to more secure attachment. Girls were more highly inhibited than boys. Smiling and laughter (positive emotionality) in early infancy was negatively related to child's inhibited behavior. Maternal sensitivity to child inhibition was positively related to child's inhibited behavior. Findings are consistent with Engfer's (1993) theory of gender differences in developmental paths into behavioral inhibition.