• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2000년도 제17차 정기총회 및 학술발표
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• pp.81-84
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• 2000

Effects of different photoperiod regimens on the cellular and humoral immunity in broiler chickens were studied(Exp 1). Total one hundred ninety two one-day-old commercial broiler chicks(Cobb$\times$Cobb) were raised between constant lighting(CL) and intermittent lighting (1h light: 3h darkness(IL; 1l; 3D) Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were measured for seven week. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocyte activities were tested at 3 and 5 wk of age by performing a mitogen cellproliferation assay with a polyclonal T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), and B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate the effect of photoperiod on the humoral immunity, chicks were immunized with sheep red blood cell(SRBC) and iinactivated Newcastle disease virus(NDV) vaccine. Total immunoglobulin G(IgG) concentration was also determined. Diurnal change of melatonin was tested in sera. In experiment 2, 0.1ml melatonin were subcutaneously injected from three to five weeks old if immunomodulation effect of lighting regimen was due to the melatonin or not. Injections of melatonin were made at 0700h and the dosage was 10ng (M2), 100ng(M3), 1$\mu\textrm{g}$(M4) per bird daily, respectively. control were quivalent injections of vehicle(M1). Lymphocyte activities were tested and humoral immunities were examined at 5 weeks of age. Blood melatonin concentration was determined at 0h, 1, h, 2h, and 3h posterior to injection at five weeks old. It was higher in CL chicks than IL chickens during the subsequent period of 3 to 5 wk of age. However, weight gain of chicks raised IL were significantly higher at 6 wk of age than CL(P<0.05). Antibody response to NDV was not affected by both photoperiod regimens and melatonin injection, whereas anti-SRMB titer and IgG concentration were enhanced. Lymphocyte activity of chickens raised under IL was sighificantly higher than those of chickens raised under CL. Melatonin injection also increased lymphocyte activity. When peripheral blood lymphocytes were used, proliferation response to LPS and Con A were significantly increased in M2 and respectively. The results of this experiments suggest that IL improved host immune response and melatonin have immunomodulatory roles.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2000년도 제17차 정기총회 및 학술발표
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• pp.97-99
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• 2000

Considerable beneficial effects on osteoporosis from soy intake in postmenopausal women are being reported (Murkies et al.1998, Arjmandi et al. 1996). Isoflavones(IF), one of phytoestrogenic substances in the soybean, have been suggested for the effect. Our preliminary study showed that even the young chicks fed IF-rich diet tended to have higher bone ash content than those fed IF-poor diet. IF have been reported to decrease bone ash content than those fed IF-poor diet, IF have been reported to decrease bone loss by reducing bone resorption. Soybean meal has been one of the most important protein sources in poultry diets. We assume that the IF intake through dietary soybean meal could give meaningful influences on the birds. This study was carried out to determine effects of dietary IF from soybean sources on bone development in young chicks. Soy protein concentrate (SPC, IF-poor)and an IF concentrate(Phyto-Nutramin) were formulated together with purified-type ingredients to provide three different levels(25, 240 and 480 mg/kg) of total IF. Control diet(240 mg/kg) was prepared with isolated soyprotein(ISP, IF-rich). The diets were fed to 96, 3-day old, layer-type, male chicks, divided into 4 treatments with 3 replications for 3 weeks. Chicks fed the ISP diet had better gain/feed ratios than fed the SPC diets. Birds fed the diets with higher levels of IF tended to show higher values in serum total and ionized Ca% and tibial bone density, length % ash, stiffness and strain. This trend however, appeared less significant at the end of third week. No noticeable differences in sizes of comb and testicle and serum alkaline phosphatase activities were observed among the dietary groups. These results suggest that dietary isoflavones from soybean sources could be associated with chemical composition and physical properties of bone in sizes of comb and testicle and serum alkaline phosphatase activities were observed among the dietary groups. These results suggest that dietary isoflavones from soybean sources could be associated with chemical composition and physical properties of bone in young chicks.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 급여가 육계의 생산성과 몇 가지 육질요인들의 개선효과가 있는지 알기 위하여 사양 실험을 실시하였다. 갓 부화한 160수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 두 처리로 나눈 후, 각각 0%와 3.0%의 S. cerevisiae를 함유한 사료를 5주간 급여하였다. S. cerevisiae 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 체중이 무거운 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. S. cerevisiae 첨가는 신선한 다리근육 (drumstick meat)의 전단력을 유의하게 감소시켰으나(P＜0.05), 삶은 다리근육에서는 이러한 효과가 관찰되지 않았다. 흉근과 다리근육 및 피부조직의 산화 안정성은 S. cerevisiae 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선되었다 (P＜0.05). 결론적으로 사료에 3% 수준의 S. cerevisiae 첨가는 계육의 연도와 산화 안정성을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.261-265
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• 1999

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding Angelica gigas Nakai by-products on performance and meat quality of Korean native chicks(KNC). Five hundred forty KNC were placed into 0, 0.2, and 0.4% Angelica gigas supplements with four replications between males and females. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio(FCR), breast meat lipid, fatty acid and protein contents were measured from 17 to 20 weeks old. Egg production, feed intake and FCR were examined from 22 to 29 weeks at four weeks at four weeks intervals. Basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 15% crude protein and 2,850㎉/kg ME for the growing period, 16.5% and 2,800㎉/kg for the laying period. Experiments were designed in a one way analysis. Weight gain of female chicks fed 0.2% Angelica gigas by-products increased significantly compared to that of other treatments for the growing period, but was not consistency in male groups. Moisture, protein, fat content were not statistically different among all treatments. Fatty acid composition(C16:0, C18:0) of chicks fed 0.2% Angelica gigas by-products was higher than other treatments. In laying period, hens fed 0.2 or 0.4% Angelica gigas Nakai by-products seemed to increase the egg production and significantly improved FCR compared to that of control(P〈0.05). Birds fed 0.4% treatment showed significantly the lowest feed intake and FCR of all treatments(P〈0.05). The results of these studies indicated that dietary supplemental Angelica gigas by-products may have a role to improve the performance of KNC.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

To compare of serum antibody titers using ELISA and HI, serum samples were collected from 100 breeders and their progeny 550 broilers. The breeders and broilers were vaccinated with infectious bronchitis(IB)- and Newcastle disease(ND)-viruses according to general vaccination program. The antibodies in serum samples against IB and ND viruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using commercial ELISA kit and hemagglutination inhibition(HI) test. Geometric mean titer(GMT) of ELISA and In titers were monitored from 1-day-old to 35-day-old broilers and compared to those of breeder chickens. The antibody titers of breeders vaccinated with ]B virus showed 47,800, ELISA and 7.2, HI, respectively. Progeny chicks, 1-day-old, vaccinated with IBV showed high antibody titers than those of breed chickens. Those chicks were maintained protective antibody levels until 11-day-old. From 14-day-old, the antibody level decreased below protective levels. In ND, breeders serum antibody titers ELISA and Eiu were 30,200 GMT and 8.7 HI titer, respectively. On 1-day-old chicks, antibody levels was decreased to half in ELISA(16,270) compared with those of breeders, but In titers was 7.4. Progeny broilers, protective antibody level was maintained until 14- day-old by ELISA, but at 11-day-old by HI titers. After then, ND antibody titer was continuously decreased underdefense level. These result indicated that the ELISA method be more sensitive than HI titration to detect serum antibody level for IBV and NDV.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2000

The objective of these experiments was to develop an attenuated thermostable Newcastle disease virus(NDV), CBP-1 strain isolated from infected pheasants. Safety, pathogenicity and protective effects against velogenic NDV were also investigated to evaluate if the attenuated NDV, CBP-1 strain could be a candidate for a new NDV vaccine strain. CBP-1 strain was passaged up to the 173 times by nine days old embryonated eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast(CEF) cell cultures. Its sensitivitly to lipid solvents and low pH, thermostability, mean death time(MDT), intracerebral pathogenicity index(ICPI) of one day old chicks and intravenous pathogenicity index(IVPI) of four weeks old chicks were examined. Safety, boosting and protective effects were tested by chicks mortality. CBP-1 NDV strain had significant thermostability at 56$\^{C}$ for 30 minutes. by hemagglutinin activity and egg infectivity test, but was not resistant to lipid solvent. It showed possibility to use as a feed or water vaccine because of the resistance to low pH. MDT, ICPI and IVPI of CBP-1 were attenuated from 51.5, 1.96, 2.60 to 112.4, 1.12, 1.45. These results implied that the 173rd passages in embryonated egg and CEF cell cultures induced a substantial attenuation of the pathogenicity of the parent virus, changing the virulence from velogenic to intermediate between mesogenic and lentogenic. After vaccination with CBP-1 at one day old by drinking water mortality was 17.5%. However, spray vaccination with B1 at one day old, CBP-1 at two weeks ild and challenge with velogenic Kyojeongwon strain at four weeks old showed 93.5% survival rate. Mortality of chicks, vaccination with 173rd passaged CBP-1 strain at one day old, two weeks old and challenge with Kyokeongwon strain at four weeks old, was 20.0%. The results of these studies indicated that partial attenuated CBP-1 strain tended to be a low safety for ND of broiler chicks and would need to be more successive attenuation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2021

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the continuous and intermittent lighting program effects on terms of the productive performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters, innate immune and oxidative status in broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 600 Cobb-500 one day old chicks were randomly allocated into six equal groups (100 chicks per treated group with five replicates of 20 chicks each) based on lighting program; 22 continuous lighting (22 C), 11 h lighting+1 darkness twice daily (11 L/1 D), 20 h continuous lighting (20 C), 5 h lighting+1 darkness four times daily (5 L/1 D), 18 h continuous lighting (18 C) and the final group subjected for 3 h lighting+1 h darkness six times daily (3 L/1 D). The experimental period lasted 42 days. Results: Compared with those under the intermittent light program, broiler chicks exposed to continuous lighting for 22 h had significant improvement in live body weight and carcass (dressing and breast percentage) measured traits. Though reducing lighting hours significantly reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio values. Different lighting programs revealed no significant effect on all blood biochemical parameters. Oxidative stress and innate immunity parameters significantly enhance by reducing lighting hours (3L/1D). Conclusion: The findings suggest that reducing lighting hours up to 3L/1D would be more useful in enhancing feed efficiency, innate immunity, and oxidative status compared with continuous lighting programs on broilers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1454-1460
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• 2022

Objective: Early environmental enrichment in life can improve cognition in animals. The effect of prenatal auditory stimulation on learning ability and fear level in chick embryos remained unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of prenatal auditory stimulation on the learning ability and fear level of chicks. Methods: A total of 450 fertilized eggs were randomly divided into 5 groups, including control group (C), low-sound intensity music group (LM), low-sound intensity noise group (LN), high-sound intensity noise group (HN) and high-sound intensity music group (HM). From the 10th day of embryonic development until hatching, group LM and group LN received 65 to 75 dB of music and noise stimulation. Group HN and group HM received 85 to 95 dB of noise and music stimulation, and group C received no additional sound. At the end of incubation, the one-trial passive avoidance learning (PAL) task and tonic immobility (TI) tests were carried out, and the serum corticosterone (CORT) and serotonin (5-HT) concentrations were determined. Results: The results showed that compared with the group C, 65 to 75 dB of music and noise stimulation did not affect the PAL avoidance rate (p>0.05), duration of TI (p>0.05) and the concentration of CORT (p>0.05) and 5-HT (p>0.05) in chicks. However, 85 to 95 dB of music and noise stimulation could reduce duration of TI (p<0.05) and the concentration of CORT (p<0.05), but no significant effect was observed on the concentration of 5-HT (p>0.05) and PAL avoidance rate (p>0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, the prenatal auditory stimulation of 85 to 95 dB can effectively reduce the fear level of chicks while it does not affect the learning ability.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1718-1726
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with enzymolytic soybean meal (ESBM) on broilers fed low crude protein (CP) diets. Methods: A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to six treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate for a period of 42 days. Chicks were fed a basal standard high-CP diet as a positive control (PC), a low-CP diet (reducing 10 g/kg CP from the PC) as a negative control (NC), or an NC + 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% ESBM diet. Results: Compared to chicks fed the PC, chicks fed the NC had a decreased body weight gain (BWG, p<0.05) from 1 to 42 days, but supplementation with 2.0% ESBM restored BWG (p<0.05) and even linearly improved the feed conversion rate (FCR, p<0.05). Digestibility of CP and ether extract was increased (p<0.05) in chicks fed a 1.0% ESBM diet compared to the PC. With increasing levels of ESBM, nitrogen (N) excretion decreased (p<0.05). The addition of ESBM to the diet did not affect (p>0.05) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and total cholesterol but led to a descending trend in triglycerides and an ascending trend in calcium and urea N at 42 days (p<0.10). There were no differences (p>0.05) in villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD (V/C) of the duodenum and jejunum between the PC and NC at both 21 days and 42 days, while increasing dietary ESBM levels linearly (p<0.05) decreased CD and increased V/C of the duodenum and jejunum at both 21 days and 42 days. Conclusion: The findings indicated that ESBM could be used in broiler low-CP diets to improve production performance, decrease N excretion, and enhance intestinal health.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.145-166
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• 1975

닭에 대(對)한 칼슘공급원(供給源)의 효율(效率)을 측정(測定)하기 위(爲)하여 병아리시험(試驗)에서는 탄산(炭酸)칼슘, 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물(水化物) 및 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물(無水物)을 이용(利用)하였고 산란계시험(産卵鷄試驗)에서는 탄산(炭酸)칼슘 및 패각(貝殼)을 사용(使用)하여 균형시험(均衡試驗)을 실시(實施)하였으며 내생(內生)칼슘측정(測定)을 위(爲)하여 동위원소희석법(同位元素稀釋法)을 적용(適用)하였다. 1. 병아리에 대(對)한 시험결과(試驗結果)가. 각구(各區)의 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)사이에는 통계적(統計的)인 유의차(有意差)가 나타나지 않았으나 체중증가량(體重增加量)에 있어서는 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물(水化物)이 가장 우수(優秀)하였고 다음 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물(無水物), 탄산(炭酸)칼슘의 순(順)으로 떨어졌다. 사료이용효율(飼料利用效率)에 있어서는 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물구(水化物區)가 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)나 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물구(無水物區)보다 좋게 나타났다. 나. 경골중(經骨中) 회분함량(灰分含量)에 있어서는 각구간(各區間) 비슷한 수치(數値)를 보였다. 다. 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물(水化物)을 급여(給與)한 구(區)의 경골회분중(脛骨灰分中)의 칼슘농도(濃度)는 다른 2개구(個區)에 비(比)하여 높았다. 라. 제단백혈장중(除蛋白血漿中)의 칼슘농도(濃度)에 있어서는 각처리간(各處理間)에 유의차(有意差)가 나타나지 않았다. 마. 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물(水化物)을 접취(攝取)한 병아리구(區)의 칼슘의 apparent retention은 65.9%로서 탄산(炭酸) 칼슘구(區)의 64.0%보다 조금 높았으며 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물구(無水物區)의 59.9%보다 상당(相當)히 높은 수치(數値)이었다 바. 경골회분중(脛骨灰分中) 및 제단백혈장중(除蛋白血漿中) 칼슘대인(對燐)의 비율(比率)은 각구간(各區間) 비슷한 결과(結果)를 보였다. 사. 전배설(全排泄)칼슘이 내생배설(內生排泄)칼슘이 점(占)하는 비율(比率)은 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물(水化物)을 급여(給與)한 구(區)에서 35.6%이었으며 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)나 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수(無水) 물구(物區)보다 높게 나타났다(31.0 혹(或)은 31.4%). 아. 병아리의 내생(內生)칼슘은 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물구(水化物區)에서 일당(日當) 17.2mg, 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물구(無水物區)에서 16.1mg, 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)에서 14.6mg이었다. 자. True retained calcium에 있어서는 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물구(水化物區)에서 일당(日當) 109.9mg이 나타났으므로 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)의 98.7mg이나 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수구(無水區)의 92.7mg 보다 훨씬 높았다(P<0.01). 차. 칼숨의 true retention에 있어서는 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-2수화물구(水化物區), 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區) 및 인산(燐酸)2칼슘-무수물구(無水物區)에서 각각(各各) 78.1,75.1 몇 72.6%이었다. 2. 산란계(産卵鷄)에 대(對)한 시험결과(試驗結果) 가. 탄산(炭酸)칼슘 혹(或)은 패각(貝殼)을 급여(給與)한 살란계(産卵鷄)의 사료섭취량(館料攝取量), 산란율(産卵率) 및 사료요구율(飼料要求率)은 각각(各各) 비슷하게 나타났다. 나. 탄산(炭酸)칼슘을 섭취(攝取)한 산란계(産卵鷄)의 저단백혈장중(除蛋白血漿中) 칼슘농도(濃度)는 패각(貝穀)을 급여(給與)한 구(區)와 비등(比等)한 수치(數値)를 보였다. 다. 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)의 칼슘의 apparent retention은 62%로서 패각구(貝殼區)의 52%보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 라. 전배설(全排泄)칼슘中 내생배설(內生排泄)칼슘이 점(占)하는 비율(比率)은 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)가 23.5%로서 패각구(貝穀區)의 15.6%보다 높았다. 마. 탄산(炭酸)칼슘급여구(給與區)의 내생배설(內生排泄)칼슘량(量)은 일살(日當) 310mg으로 패각구(貝殼區)의 261mg보다 약간 높았다 바. 탄산(炭酸)칼슘구(區)의 true retention은 70.7%이었으며 이는 패각급여구(貝殼給與區)의 59.2% 보다 높게 나왔다 (P<0.05).