• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to analyze the production of extra-large egg and assess the impacts of exogenous factors in feeding the layer chicken. The main results of this study are as follows; First, feeding rations on the basics of statistics, internal maximum and minimum temperature and, the age at first egg affect the production of extra-large egg. Second, implicating the standardized coefficients from the conclusion of regression model estimating suggest that the amount of feed has the greatest impact on production followed by the age at first egg. Third, by using the elasticity of output and the volatility in the production, the result suggest that among the independent variable factors in the external volatility, the biggest one goes to feed ration, and the age at first egg follows. In order to control the production volatility in the extra-large egg production of the farms, it is necessary to manage an efficient feeding based on feed ration, age at first egg and, the maximum and minimum temperature inside the farm. Taken together, the results demonstrates that it should be concentrated by controlling the exogenous factors affecting extra large egg production and the management system construct, to increase extra-large egg production and the income of farmers at the same time.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.60-65
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• 2004

120 samples of ready-to-eat salad product were purchased at department stores, marts and family restaurants in metro area. Coliform bacteria and food borne pathogenic bacteria were isolated from these samples. In 73 samples among the 120 salad product samples, coliform bacteria and food borne pathogenic bacteria were detected by 60.8％ of isolated rate. Salad were classified into organic and non-organic salad. According to a salad type, salad were classified into vegetable salad and mixed vegetable salad with fried chicken and extra food. According to a packing type, packed salad product and salad-bar product were classified. After the classification, the results of each cases were compared. There is no statistical relation between cultivation or packing methods and contaminated bacteria. But the incidence number of microbial strains was significantly different between vegetable salad and mixed vegetable salad(p＜0.005). In vegetable salad, more various strains were detected. E. coli was isolated in 10 cases among the 90 cases in non-organic vegetable and in 7 cases among the 30 cases in organic salad. Food borne pathogenic bacteria were isolated in non-organic vegetable salad product. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 4 cases of vegetable salad product and Salmonella spp. isolated in 1 case. After 5 times examination of each 4 market products, the total number of aerobic bacteria was average 4.8$\pm$0.19 log cfu/g. One sample from this product, saline and a detergent for vegetable were used for 3 minutes to notice the effect. As a result, when saline was used 5 times and detergent for vegetable was used 1 time, bacterial contamination was decreased up to 95.5％.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.566-576
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• 1998

Food habits and Korean food utilization patterns were surveyed from 188 Koreans residing in New Zealand and Malaysia by using a questionnaire. Forty seven percent of the respondents answered that Korean food should be succeeded as its traditional form. Most subjects had strong pride for Korean traditional food. Kimchi was the most frequently consumed side dish followed by Chigaes (stew), broiled meat, Tubu (bean curd), broiled fish, Tangs (soup), and Noodles. While Kimchies were prepared by the respondents themselves, Doenjang and Kochujang were sent from the relatives in Korea or purchased from the market. The changes in food consumption pattern after emigration depended on the availability of food items in residing country. Korean style meal (cooked rice and side dishes) was eaten by 51% respondents for breakfast and by 78.2% for supper. Ramyon was the most frequently consumed instant food. Eating out frequency was much higher in the residents in Malaysia than the ones in New Zealand. This study showed that Koreans residing in foreign countries have the consciousness trying to succeed Korean traditional food culture, and their food consumption pattern partly depends on food availability and socio-cultural properties of the residing country.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.365-378
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• 2009

This study performed microbiological hazards analysis in raw food materials, cooking processes, kitchen staff, utensils, and the environment in order to obtain contamination levels of S. aureus in school foodservice operations. S. aureus was not detected in cooked foods offered by the foodservice operations; however, it was found in raw food materials prior to cooking. In the case of vegetables, S. aureus was detected in washed mung bean sprouts, parboiled mung bean sprouts, and bellflower roots both before and after disinfection, at levels of 2.2, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0 log CFU/g, respectively. For processed foods, S. aureus was detected in one sample of packaged bean curd as well as in mung bean jelly cake at the level of 1.5 log CFU/g. For meat products, S. aureus was detected in beef brisket and chicken at levels of 2.3 and 1.3 log CFU/g, respectively. To determine microbiological hazard data for the hands and gloves of cooking personnel, the staff members were divided into two groups: a group presenting Enterobacteriaceae or coliforms, and another group presenting neither Enterobacteriaceae nor coliforms. The results showed that S. aureus was detected on the hands of staff in each group at levels of 2.0 and 2.1 log CFU/hand, respectively, and at 1.8 and 0.0 log CFU/hand on the gloves of staff in each group, respectively. Among kitchen utensils, as an environmental factor in school foodservice operations, S. aureus was detected on meat knives, mixing bowls, and dish cloths at levels exceeding 1.0 log CFU/hand.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various temperatures of electro-magnetic resonance and air blast freezing methods on the physicochemical quality of meat. Beef (loin and round), pork (belly and ham) and chicken (breast and leg) were purchased at a commercial market, and the meat was frozen using three methods: air blast freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$ and $-45^{\circ}C$) and electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing. Changes in the physicochemical properties of meat were analyzed by drip loss, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC) and proximate compositions. In comparison, regardless of the animal species and cuts of meat, electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing (2 h) resulted in a completely frozen product in a much shorter time than $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-45^{\circ}C$ air blast freezing (24 h and 8 h, respectively). Drip loss of loin which had underwent electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the other two treatments, but cooking loss and water holding capacity were the highest at 43.7% and 60.7%, respectively (p<0.05). Characteristics such as crude protein, crude fat and moisture compositions showed significant differences, depending on the cuts and freezing methods (p<0.05). The fat composition of electro-magnetic resonance quick frozen loin and round were significantly low (p<0.05). However, moisture content was the highest compared to other freezing methods, as 67.1% and 71.9%, respectively (p<0.05). Electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing was an appropriate way to reduce the deterioration of meat quality due to freezing, and the drip loss was least for the part with low moisture, low protein, and high fat.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.454-468
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the actual condition of the farm work environment and personal protective equipment as part of the effort to improve livestock work for the safety and health of poultry farmers and provide basic data for establishing plans to improve and develop personal protective equipment. Methods: For this purpose, a questionnaire survey on general information about stables, the poultry work environment, accidents, the wearing of work clothes and personal protective equipment, and the level of awareness related to personal protective equipment was conducted among 148 poultry farmers. Results: As a result, it was found that poultry workplace environment was exposed to such risks as fine dusts; organic dusts; poisonous gases; odorous substances; chicken excrement; contact with chickens, bacteria or viruses; and accidents related to machine operation. Thirteen percent of respondents suffered severe respiratory diseases, and the most frequently injured sites due to accidents were the hands (25.7%), knees (23.8%), arms (17.3%), and head (10.9%). The most frequent type of accident was collisions between the body and obstacles or machinery during movement (36.4%), followed by erroneous machine operation such as feeders and electric shocks (8.5%). Regarding the wearing of work clothes and personal protective equipment, 51.7% of the respondents wore worn-out clothing or everyday clothes, whereas only 32.0% wore work clothes. The percentage of farmers who wore proper protective equipment for the work environment during poultry work was 48.4%. The most frequently used type of protective equipment was boots (38.9%), followed by mask (36.7%), gloves (36.3%), appropriate work clothes (22.6%), quarantine clothes (17.6%), helmets (13.4%), and goggles (12.6%). The rate of wearing goggles was low because they were considered inconvenient and lowered work efficiency. Furthermore, they purchased everyday products available on the market for their personal protective equipment which were not appropriate for maintaining safety in an actual harmful environment and its consequent risks. As a result of the survey of the awareness level related to personal protective equipment, their levels of awareness of accidents and attitude proved to be average or higher, but the practice of wearing protective equipment and the level of knowledge and management of personal protective equipment were lower. Conclusion: This survey found that the wearing status of personal protective equipment among poultry farmers was insufficient even though they were exposed to risks. Most respondents were aware of the necessity of wearing personal protective equipment and of the potential for accidents, but they did not wear proper protective equipment. Their wearing rate was low due to a lack of knowledge about protective equipment, as well as the inconvenience of wearing it. Therefore there is a need to improve and develop specialized personal protective equipment for respiration, hands, and eyes, as well as work clothes that can protect farmers from major harmful matter that is generated in the poultry workplace. Based on the results of this investigation, we will conduct further studies on the required performance and design directions of personal protective equipment while collecting more objective data through field-oriented assessments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.747-754
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• 2005

Nutritional regulation of gene expression associated with growth and feeding behavior in avian species can become an important technique to improve poultry production according to the supply of nutrients in the diet. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) found in chickens has been characterized to be a 70 amino acid polypeptide and plays an important role in growth and metabolism. Although it is been well known that IGF-I is highly associated with embryonic development and post-hatching growth, changes in the distribution of IGF-I gene expression throughout early- to late-embryogenesis have not been studied so far. We revealed that the developmental pattern of IGF-I gene expression during embryogenesis differed among various tissues. No bands of IGF-I mRNA were detected in embryonic liver at 7 days of incubation, and thereafter the amount of hepatic IGF-I mRNA was increased from 14 to 20 days of incubation. In eyes, a peak in IGF-I mRNA levels occurred at mid-embryogenesis, but by contrast, IGF-I mRNA was barely detectable in the heart throughout all incubation periods. In the muscle, no significant difference in IGF-I gene expression was observed during different stages of embryogenesis. After hatching, hepatic IGF-I gene expression as well as plasma IGF-I concentration increases rapidly with age, reaches a peak before sexual maturity, and then declines. The IGF-I gene expression is very sensitive to changes in nutritional conditions. Food-restriction and fasting decreased hepatic IGF-I gene expression and refeeding restored IGF-I gene expression to the level of fed chickens. Dietary protein is also a very strong factor in changing hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Refeeding with dietary protein alone successfully restored hepatic IGF-I gene expression of fasted chickens to the level of fed controls. In most circumstances, IGF-I makes a complex with specific high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). So far, four different IGFBPs have been identified in avian species and the major IGFBP in chicken plasma has been reported to be IGFBP-2. We studied the relationship between nutritional status and IGFBP-2 gene expression in various tissues of young chickens. In the liver of fed chickens, almost no IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected. However, fasting markedly increased hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression, and the level was reduced after refeeding. In the gizzard of well-fed young chickens, IGFBP-2 gene expression was detected and fasting significantly elevated gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels to about double that of fed controls. After refeeding, gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression decreased similar to hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression. In the brain, IGFBP-2 mRNA was observed in fed chickens and had significantly decreased by fasting. In the kidney, IGFBP-2 gene expression was observed but not influenced by fasting and refeeding. Recently, we have demonstrated in vivo that gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in fasted chickens was rapidly reduced by intravenous administration of insulin, as indicated that in young chickens the reduction in gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in vivo stimulated by malnutrition may be, in part, regulated by means of the increase in plasma insulin concentration via an insulin-response element. The influence of dietary protein source (isolated soybean protein vs. casein) and the supplementation of essential amino acids on gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression was examined. In both soybean protein and casein diet groups, the deficiency of essential amino acids stimulated chickens to increase gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression. Although amino acid supplementation of a soybean protein diet significantly decreased gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels, a similar reduction was not observed in chickens fed a casein diet supplemented with amino acids. This overview of nutritional regulation of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 gene expression in young chickens would serve for the establishment of the supply of nutrients to diets to improve poultry production.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1998

Pathophysiological mechanism of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is not fully understood. Major clinical findings of HFRS patients are widespread hemorrhage, acute renal failure and shock. Basic lesion is vascular injury with microvascular hemorrhage and relatively little inflammation. According to autopsy findings, renal medulla shows focal hemorrhage, tubular necrosis and interstitial mononuclear infiltrates. The predominant cell type in the renal and pulmonary interstitium is a fibroblast and it participates in the healing process at the injury site by secreting a large amount of extracellular matrix proteins. Cultured human lung fibroblasts and Mongolian gerbil fibroblasts were known to be good host cells for the hantaan virus. It is possible that not only the endothelial cell but also the fibroblast is a target of Hantaan virus and the fibroblast might be involved in the pathogenesis and the healing process in HFRS. Integrins are adhesion molecules, and act as receptors for many extracellular matrix proteins. Recently, there are many reports that cell surface integrins influence on some viral infections or reversely viruses influence on the expression of integrins. The ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ integrin is a major receptor for the fibronectin which is an important extracellular matrix protein secreted by fibroblasts. In this study, the role of ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ integrin in the infection of Hantaan virus was examined by using anti-${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$, integrin, anti-${\alpha}_5$ integrin and anti-${\beta}_1$, integrin antibodies in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and Mongolian gerbil fibroblasts(MGF). The treatment of anti-${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$, integrin antibody in CEF reduced the virion titers 26.8% and the amount of nucleocapsid N protein 32.6% when compared with control CEF. When MGF were treated with anti-${\alpha}_5$, anti-${\beta}_1$ and anti-${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ integrin antibodies, virion titers were reduced by 26.5%, 29.4% and 28.7% and the amount of nucleocapsid N protein were reduced by 65.2%, 59.7% and 72.6%. These results suggested that ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ integrin might act as a receptor for the Hantaan virus or blocking of ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ integrin influences on the viral replication in CEF and MGF. It is also possible that the blocking of only one subunit of integrin represents similar results in that of whole molecule.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.487-499
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• 2016

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of testosterone (T) and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) on the production of progesterone ($P_4$) by granulosa cells, and of the $E_2$ on the production of $P_4$ and T by theca internal cells. In the first experiment, granulosa cells isolated from the largest ($F_1$) and third largest ($F_3$) preovulatory follicle were incubated for 4 h in short-term culture system, $P_4$ production by granulosa cells of both $F_1$ and $F_3$ was increased in a dose-dependent manner by ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH), but not T or $E_2$. In the second experiment, $F_1$ and $F_3$ granulosa cells cultured for 48 h in the developed monolayer culture system were recultured for an additional 48 h with increasing doses of various physiological active substances existing in the ovary, including T and $E_2$. Basal $P_4$ production for 48 h during 48 to 96 h of the cultured was about nine fold greater by $F_1$ granulosa cells than by $F_3$ granulosa cells. In substances examined oLH, chicken vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (cVIP) and T, but not $E_2$, stimulated in a dose-dependent manner $P_4$ production in both $F_1$ and $F_3$ granulosa cells. In addition, when the time course of $P_4$ production by $F_1$ granulosa cells in response to oLH, cVIP, T and $E_2$ was examined for 48 h during 48 to 96 h of culture, although $E_2$ had no effect on $P_4$ production by granulosa cells of $F_1$ during the period from 48 to 96 h of culture, $P_4$ production with oLH was found to be increased at 4 h of the culture, with a maximal 9.14 fold level at 6 h. By contrast, $P_4$ production with cVIP and T increased significantly (p<0.05) from 8 and 12 h of the culture, respectively, with maximal 6.50 fold response at 12 h and 6, 48 fold responses at 36 h. Furthermore, when $F_1$ granulosa cells were precultured with $E_2$ for various times before 4 h culture with oLH at 96 h of culture, the increase in $P_4$ production in response to oLH with a dose-related manner was only found at a pretreatment time of more than 12 h. In the third experiment, theca internal cells of $F_1$, $F_2$ and the largest third to fifth preovulatory follicles ($F_{3-5}$) were incubated for 4 h in short-term culture system with increasing doses of $E_2$. The production of $P_4$ and T by theca internal cells were increased with the addition of $E_2$ of $10^{-6}M$. These increases were greater in smaller follicles. These results indicate that, in granulosa cells of the hen, T may have a direct stimulatory action in the long term on $P_4$ production, and on $E_2$ in long-term action which may enhance the sensitivity to LH for $P_4$ production, and thus, in theca internal cells, $E_2$ in short term action may stimulate the production of $P_4$ and T.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2002

This study was investigated the anti-angiogenic activities of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus by using Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and rat cornea. First experiment, the fertilized chicken eggs were kept in a humidified egg incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. After 4 days incubation, about 3 ml of albumin was aspirated from eggs with an hypodermic needles through a small hole drilled at the narrow end of the eggs, and the shell membrane on the floor of the air sac was peeled away. Embryos with chorioallantois of 3~5 mm in diameter were employed for the assay of antiangiogenic activity. Retinoic acid was used as a positive control for this experiment. After 48 h of treatment. branching pattern of blood vessels below coverslip containing retinoic acid ($10{\mu}g/egg$) was dramatically decreased. A simiar angiogenic inhibition was observed in the CAM treated with $50{\mu}g/egg$ of Cnidium omcinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus extracts. Second experiment, rat corneal neovascularization was induced by suturing (one stitch) the cornea with 10-0 nylon, and terramycin was applied on the cornea for I week to prevent corneal inflammation. In the cornea of rats untreated with herbal extracts, numerous vessels were usually seen invading the cornea by day 2 or 3 after suture, and reaching the lesion area within 5~6 days. Corneal neovascularization was gradually increased and peaked at 3 weeks. In contrast to this, herbal extracts conspicuously inhibited the angiogenesis, Oral administration of herbal extracts (20 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks significantly inhibited the rat corneal angiogenesis induced by suture, and the length of blood vessels in herbal medicine-treated rat cornea was conspicuously lower than that in control animals. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the rat cornea treated with thalidomide (200 mg/kg body weight/day). These findings indicate the anti-angiogenic properties of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus, suggesting that these properties may be one of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities of herbal extracts tested in this study.