• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.204-208
• /
• 2012

Background : Isolated pure blowout fractures are clinically important because they are the main cause of serious complications such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement. Many reports have described the incidence of blowout fractures associated with diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement; however, no studies have statistically analyzed this relationship. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the correlation between the location of isolated pure blowout fractures and orbital symptoms such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement. Methods : We enrolled a total of 354 patients who had been diagnosed with isolated pure blowout fractures, based on computed tomography, from June 2008 to November 2011. Medical records were reviewed, and the prevalence of extraocular movement limitations and diplopia were determined. Results : There were 14 patients with extraocular movement limitation and 58 patients complained of diplopia. Extraocular movement limitation was associated with the following findings, in decreasing order of frequency: floor fracture (7.1%), extended fracture (3.6%), and medial wall (1.7%). However, there was no significant difference among the types of fractures (P=0.60). Diplopia was more commonly associated with floor fractures (21.4%) and extended type fractures (23.6%) than medial wall fractures (10.4%). The difference was statistically significant (Bonferroni-corrected chi-squared test P<0.016). Conclusions : Data indicate that extended type fractures and orbital floor fractures tend to cause diplopia more commonly than medial wall fractures. However, extraocular movement limitation was not found to be dependent on the location of the orbital wall fracture.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.1547-1555
• /
• 2017

This paper studies Bayesian test of homogeneity in contingency tables made by discretizing a continuous variable. Sometimes when we are considering events of interest in small area setup, we can think of discretization approaches about the continuous variable. If we properly discretize the continuous variable, we can find invisible relationships between areas (groups) and a continuous variable of interest. The proper discretization of the continuous variable can support the alternative hypothesis of the homogeneity test in contingency tables even if the null hypothesis was not rejected through k-sample tests involving one-way ANOVA. In other words, the proportions of variables with a particular level can vary from group to group by the discretization. If we discretize the the continuous variable, it can be treated as an analysis of the contingency table. In this case, the chi-squared test is the most commonly employed method. However, further discretization gives rise to more cells in the table. As a result, the count in the cells becomes smaller and the accuracy of the test becomes lower. To prevent this, we can consider the Bayesian approach and apply it to the setup of the homogeneity test.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2020

This study was a descriptive exploratory study to provide a foundation for improving the healthy working environment in Korean Red Cross Blood Center workers. A total of 215 surveys were collected from September 8 to October 31, 2020. Chi-squared test or Fisher's extract test, Independent t-tests, and Multiple Logistic Regression were performed with the SPSS 19.0 statistical program. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between positive psychology capital and job stress with the perceived health status. The good perceived health status was 35.3%(N=76). When adjusted for related factors, the general characteristics and work characteristics were not related to perceived health status, and the positive psychological capital and job stress were significantly different between healthy and unhealthy groups (p<.001, p<.001). As positive psychology capital increased by one unit, the odds ratio of good health groups for subjective health increased significantly 1.1 times [95% Confidence interval (CI: 1.0-1.1)] and the odds ratio for good health groups for subjective health status decreased by 0.9 times [95% Confidence interval (CI: 0.8-0.9] as job stress increased by one unit.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.207-218
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate parents' perceptions and attitudes regarding a screening test for and subsequent management of students' emotional and behavioral problems. Methods: A descriptive research design was used, and included disproportional stratified and cluster random sampling. The sample comprised 223 parents of elementary, middle, and high school students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: Overall, parents responded that they knew of the goals, types, and tools of screening tests for students' emotional and behavioral problems. In total, 64.6% of parents reported having information for the screening test in advance. Only 13.5%(n=30) of students had emotional and behavioral problems in the last year. Among these students, 56.7%(n=17) were referred to mental health facilities but only 29.4%(n=5) of them received ongoing management from these facilities. Conclusion: These findings suggest that parents should receive information about the screening test for and subsequent management of students' emotional and behavioral problems. Health professionals need to build strategies to provide ongoing management for students who have emotional and behavioral problems.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.82-89
• /
• 2019

This study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with contracting Lyme disease (LD) among Korean deer farmers. This cross-sectional study devised questionnaire that addressed farm activities, was devised and the blood samples of 516 Korean deer farmers were tested. LD seroprevalence was determined by Western blot test. Fisher's exact test, the chi-squared test, and the chi-squared test for trend analysis were performed to assess the risk associated with LD. Of total 516 study participants recruited, only 12 (2.3%) were seropositive for LD. The result of the study revealed that only deer farmers raising Elk (Cervus Canadensis) were found to be at significantly higher risk of contracting LD than other deer farmers (p=0.033). In addition, a male sex, an age of < 40 years, and those that had raised deer for < 19 years had higher rates of LD infection than their counterparts. Similarly, those that managed livestock sheds, fed deer, processed industry and prepared compost had higher rates of LD infection. In terms of protective factors, those who did not use protective measures such as wear glasses and masks, or protective gloves and aprons, and those that did not disinfect work instruments and did not shower after work had higher rates of LD than those that used protective measures. In conclusion, preventive health strategies should take into account the profiles of deer farmers at greater risk based on considerations of personal, type of work, and the use of personal protective measures.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.159-168
• /
• 1999

Purpose : Sasang Constitutional Medicine explains the pathology peculiar to constitution and suggests treatment for each constitution. In Sasang Constitutional Medicine hwnan beings are classified on four groups; Taeyangin, Taeumin, 5oyangin, Soeumin. These four constitution has their's own symptoms and treatments. In treatment, control of mind inclination, that is to say, moderation takes a very important role. But the study on heredity in Sasang Constitutional Medicine has not done not biological study but also statistical study. So we used several statistical methods and analyzed 163 samples. Methods : We implemented Fishers exact test for adjusting chi-squared test, kappa coefficient to estimate agreement of parent's and children's constitutions, and finally plotted bi-plot using correspondence analysis. Results : From Fisher's exact test result, we could know that parent's and children'S constitution's distribution had significant difference. In kappa coefficient, mother and daughter's estimated value produced highest result. In correspondence analysis we only plotted the case of mother and son for easy interpretation. Conclusion : In the study of heredity of SaSang constitution, we cannot know exactly the heredity of constitution in terms of biology or genetics. But this research can be helpful for further analysis, that is, a study of biological or genetical aspects. And we could conclude that in statistical aspects the heredity in SaSang constitution is meaningful.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.303-312
• /
• 2020

Background: Lidocaine is the gold standard local anesthetic (LA) for UK pediatric dental treatment. Recent reports suggest frequent Articaine use in Europe and Canada, with evidence indicating more profound anesthesia. The aim of this study was to examine pediatric dentistry specialist experiences and practices relating to Articaine administration in the UK. Methods: A literature review was followed by a survey using an anonymous 15-item electronic questionnaire, which was sent to 200 registered British Society of Pediatric Dentistry (BSPD) specialists. Descriptive analyses, Z score, chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's correlation test were performed. Results: Sixty-one (30.5%) participants responded, and 12 (19.7%) indicated Articaine as their first line anesthetic. Articaine was used daily or weekly by 38 (62.3%) respondents, depending on the clinical context. Articaine was commonly used to avoid inferior alveolar nerve blocks and gain more profound anesthesia in abscessed or hypomineralized teeth. Participants reported significantly more adverse effects with lidocaine (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001) than with Articaine. Articaine was most often administered in children aged > 4 years via infiltration techniques. Only 15 (24.6%) respondents reported awareness of guidelines for Articaine use in pediatric patients. Conclusions: Articaine use in pediatric dentistry is common; however, evidence supporting its practice is limited. Several specialists follow conventions based on anecdotal evidence. Formulating guidance to aid decision-making when treating pediatric patients under LA would be beneficial.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.128-140
• /
• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to identify the incidence of peripheral cyanosis and the characteristics and clinical results of patients with therapeutic hypothermia after a cardiac arrest. Methods : Data were collected from April to June 2021 via the electrical medical records of 95 patients with therapeutic hypothermia for 72 hours after a cardiac arrest admitted to an acute care unit at a tertiary hospital between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression using SPSS/WIN. Results : The incidence of peripheral cyanosis was 20%. In the peripheral cyanosis group, peripheral vascular disease, fibrinogen, vasopressor, infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute physiology, chronic health evaluation II score on the second hospital day, nursing intervention, and mortality on the seventh hospital day were higher. The level of fibrinogen and use of vasopressors affected the occurrence of peripheral cyanosis. Conclusion : Considering the influencing variables, careful observation is necessary for patients with high fibrinogen levels and vasopressor use. These results provide basic data to recognize the need for nursing intervention for peripheral cyanosis and encourage nurses to deliver them during therapeutic hypothermia.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.266-271
• /
• 2022

Background: The selection of distributions of input parameters is an important component in probabilistic exposure assessment. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) methods are used to determine the distribution of exposure factors. However, there are no clear guidelines for choosing an appropriate GOF method. Objectives: The outcomes of probabilistic consumer exposure assessment were compared by using five different GOF methods for the selection of input distributions: chi-squared test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S), Anderson-Darling test (A-D), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Methods: Individual exposures were estimated based on product usage factor combinations from 10,000 respondents. The distribution of individual exposure was considered as the true value of population exposures. Results: Among the five GOF methods, probabilistic exposure distributions using the A-D and K-S methods were similar to individual exposure estimations. Comparing the 95th percentiles of the probabilistic distributions and the individual estimations for 10 CPs, there were 0.73 to 1.92 times differences for the A-D method, and 0.73 to 1.60 times differences (excluding tire-shine spray) for the K-S method. Conclusions: There were significant differences in exposure assessment results among the selection of the GOF methods. Therefore, the GOF methods for probabilistic consumer exposure assessment should be carefully selected.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.455-467
• /
• 2003

There has been a long debate on the applicability of the chi-square approximation to statistics based on small sample size. Extending comparison results among Pearson chi-square Χ$^2$, generalized likelihood .ratio G$^2$, and the power divergence Ι(2/3) statistics suggested by Rudas(1986), recently developed disparity statistics (BWHD(1/9), BWCS(1/3), NED(4/3)) we compared and analyzed in this paper. By Monte Carlo studies about the independence model of two dimension contingency tables, the conditional model and one variable independence model of three dimensional tables, simulated 90 and 95 percentage points and approximate 95% confidence intervals for the true percentage points are obtained. It is found that the Χ$^2$, Ι(2/3), BWHD(1/9) test statistics have very similar behavior and there seem to be applcable for small sample sizes than others.