• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.21
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• pp.189-208
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• 2007

This study was designed to find what impacts store attributes and personal characteristics have had on customer loyalty to beauty shops. Participants were 283 men and women who had experienced services in beauty shops and selected from the Metropolitan area, Busan, Gyeongbuk area, Gyeongnam area, Chungcheong area, and other area. In conclusion, technical factor and lifestyle have had the greatest impact on customer loyalty to beauty shops. In beauty market faced with keen competition, the way to meet customers' needs is to run a distinguished beauty shop with distinct beauty techniques in consideration of individual lifestyle. This will help raise customer loyalty to beauty shops. This study has the important implication that personal characteristics as well as store attributes has been proved to be essential for increasing customer loyalty to beauty shops. I hope that future studies will continue to examine different marketing factors by different beauty shops, with additional analysis on the details, contributing to make a marketing strategy available for beauty shop owners.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.35-38
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• 2010

The current categorization of digital games is not objective and is unable to assess the latest and more complex digital games. Digital games need to be systematically categorized so that similarities and differences can be identified and analyzed. The fundamental characteristic of digital games is interactivity. This paper addresses the current categorization gaps through the lens of interactivity. Through this lens, a conceptual framework consisting of primary and corresponding participants and controlling characters is developed. Future research topics are then presented based on this framework.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-163
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze how social comparative learning of forum participants affects learning effects with an emphasis on participants' characteristics. As today's society is changing at a fast pace, the desire for new knowledge and information has grown accordingly. To quench this thirst for knowledge and information, seminars, symposiums, conferences, forums, conventions, exhibitions, and more are taking place as part of knowledge sharing events across the world. Also, the increased need for knowledge and information exchange has led the development and growth of the convention industry and Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Events (Exhibitions)(MICE) industry. Especially, forum is a type of event which invites professionals and specialists to discuss diverse topics and share their knowledge and experience with the audience. The participants utilize it as an opportunity to get close to information providers and enjoy the pleasure of knowledge exchange. However, there have been few empirical analyses on who the participants are, why they attend forum, how they pick up and learn new information and knowledge, and what kinds of learning effects they achieve after the event. This paper is to analyze how social comparative learning of the forum's participants influences learning effects based on Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory (1977, 1997, 1982. 2001) and Leon Festinger's Social Comparative Theory (1950, 1954). By dividing the participants into two groups, one with high level of self-efficacy and the other with low level of self-efficacy, we have examined the differences in learning effects between the two groups using them as moderating variables. This study was conducted in 'MBN Y Forum 2016,' which is one of the most representative knowledge exchange forums of South Korea. An online survey was distributed out and, 1,307(39.2%) out of the total participants of 3,338 have completed the survey. The survey included questions about whether the participants have gained positive or negative motivations by comparing themselves to the speakers (upward comparison learning) and other participants (lateral comparison learning). The results have shown the quality of messages that the speakers are presenting as knowledge providers is the most significant factor that acts on learning effects. Particularly, the participants had higher levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem than average people. They had a clear goal to learn from the speakers (upward comparison) and received positive motivations from them. In other words, no negative learning effects had been found. This presents a managerial implication that having a qualified speaker is necessary for a forum to be successful. On the other hand, the results from the comparison with the other participants (lateral comparison) were different. The participants were likely to compare themselves to the other participants through observational learning. They could compare listening attitudes, language skills, or capabilities to ask a question. The results have showed the participants received positive motivations from the lateral group but at the same time were jealous of abilities of the others. When the quality of a question by a participant is not good enough, it can have a negative influence on the participants' learning effects. The first group with high levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem had no correlation to negative learning effects from the speakers. They rather had a strong desire to learn from the speakers. On the contrary, the participants perceived the lateral group as a learning subset and competitor. The second group with low levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem saw the quasi-group as a rival. This presents that the individual learning effects can be different depending on the participants' characteristics.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.23
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• pp.79-112
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to explore the way that power in cyberspace is constructed and work and the factors that contribute to forming the power by analyzing a bulletin board system(BBS) on an everyday drama, "Can't Take My Eye Off You"(MBC). Research findings are as follows. The participants in the BBS produce various discourses and constantly compete with each other. In the process, the participants who produce a dominant discourse in quantity tend to exclude other discourses from the BBS and the participants who produce the minority discourses sometimes resist the dominant discourse but tend to refrain from expressing the minority discourses. These tendencies have intensified, and eventually the dominant discourse overwhelmingly powers over the BBS at the end of it. The dominant discourse in the BBS is confucian patriarchal one and this is primarily due to the characteristic of the BBS as the fandom of the drama, the participants' experience and dominant culture in their embodied social world, and the authorship of the drama.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2019

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical association between cadmium exposure and hearing impairment among the Korean population. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study used the data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for our study. Finally, 3,228 participants were included in our study, which were then divided into quartiles based on their blood cadmium levels: first quartile (1Q), second quartile (2Q), third quartile (3Q), and fourth quartile (4Q) groups. The hearing thresholds were measured using an automatic audiometer at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. Hearing loss (HL) was defined as >25 dB average hearing threshold (AHT). Results: All the groups had 807 participants each. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of cadmium level for HL were 0.634 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.621-0.646). The participants in the 4Q group had higher Low/Mid-Freq, High-Freq, and AHT values than those in the other groups in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The logistic regression showed that the OR for HL per $1{\mu}g/L$ increase in cadmium was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09-1.44; p=0.002) on the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the participants in the 4Q group exhibited a 1.59-, 1.38-, and 1.41-fold higher odds for HL than those in the 1Q, 2Q, and 3Q groups, respectively. Conclusion: High cadmium level quartile was associated with increased hearing thresholds and HL among the Korean adult population.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2010

Purpose : This study is to offer clinical primary data that examines the change of imaging structure and the quantitative evaluation of muscle activity on myofascial trigger points. This study examines neuromuscular physiological characteristic by comparing the differences in physical findings, pressure pain threshold, imaging, and electrophysiological characteristics in latent and active myofascial trigger points muscle and normal muscle through the following experimental procedures. Methods : The participants for the study were thirty-three adults in their twenties. We divided three groups into normal, latent and active myofascial trigger points groups by physical findings. We analyzed the results of measured pressure pain, threshold for pain, ultrasound imaging perform for structure characteristic of muscle, surface EMG according to type of muscle contraction for function of muscle contraction. Results : Significant differences were indicated in pressure pain threshold (p<0.05). Significant differences were discovered in the ultrasound imaging analysis. There were increases in muscle Echogenicity white area index (p<0.001). There were significant differences that decrease in %MVIC (p<0.05), increase in MDF (p<0.05). Conclusion : From these results, active rnyotascial trigger points muscle showed quality deterioration on ultrasound imaging and decreased function of muscle contraction, increased motor unit action potential of II type fiber, and electrophysiologically. Imaging structure and neuromuscular physiological characteristic can be diagnostic and quantitative analytical techniques for myofascial pain syndrome and a primary factor that reflected in physical therapy intervention.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.617-636
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• 2023

The goal of this study was to explain the phenomenon of making efforts to overcome the need-reality collision as a cultural characteristic of Koreans. Specifically, we examined whether the behavior varies depending on the degree of relational agency in the situation where conflicts between one's needs and reality have occurred. To this end, a total of 217 participants participated in the online experiment, and the data of 156 participants were finally analyzed. After responding to the relational agency scale, the participants were exposed to a decision-making scenario in which conflicting factors existed. The scenario were about buying a house and making a wedding hall contract, and in each scenario, two important values were set to conflict with each other in the market. Participants read the scenario and entered the level they wanted for each value. After that, they encounter a situation in which he or she has not found the candidate site corresponding to the level he or she wants. Then, the participants responded to their willingness to make additional efforts themselves. As a result of the study, the degree of relational agency of the participants showed a positive relationship with the degree of additional effort. In addition, the degree of the desired level beyond the reality (expectancy discrepancy) showed a nonlinear (reverse U-shape) influence on the additional effort while controlling for individual difference. Furthermore, the interaction effect between relational agency and expectancy discrepancy was significant. Specifically, individuals with low agency did not have a significant relationship between the degree of expectancy discrepancy and the dependent variable, but individuals with high relational agency had a significant non-linear relationship between the degree of expectancy discrepancy and the dependent variable. Based on the results of the study, the role and function of Koreans' psychological characteristics (relational agency) in the scene of managing needs-reality collision were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.117-123
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• 2017

This is a descriptive study to investigate the relationship between MBTI personality type, clinical practice stress, and resilience in nursing college students. The participants of this study were 75 college students of Gangwon-do nursing college. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS win18.0. Thirteen personality types were observed in this study participants. The NT types was the highest with a mean of 4.15 in clinical practice stress according to 4 functions of MBTI and the ST types was the highest with a mean of 3.32 in resilience according to 4 fuctions of MBTI. The NT type was the highest with a mean of 4.15 in clinical practice stress according to 4 temperaments of MBTI and the SJ type was the highest with a mean of 3.27 in resilience according to 4 temperaments of MBTI. Significant differences in clinical practice stress were observed according to 4 functions(F=27.117, p<.001) and 4 temperaments(F=27.310, p<.001) of MBTI. Significant differences in resilience were observed according to 4 temperament(F=2.825, p=.045) of MBTI. Further study is necessary to provide the basic data to construct the curriculum of nursing health education which is suitable for the characteristic of MBTI personality type.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2012

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship of depression, fatigue and quality of life (QOL) in middle-aged adults in Jinju city. This survey was conducted from October to November, 2010 and 230 responses from the survey were used. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The average score of the participants' depression was $13.16{\pm}8.26$ out of 60. the average fatigue score was $21.46{\pm}4.79$ out of 44. The average QOL score was $85.90{\pm}9.49$ out of 130. Among general characteristic of the participants level of QOL was statistically significant for gender, educational level, exercise. There was a significantly corrleation among depression, fatigue and QOL. The results revealed that depression, educational level, exercise were the significant predictors to affect the QOL in middle-aged adults. Low level of depression, higher educational background, and active exercise were closely correlated with QOL. To improve QOL in middle-aged adulthoods for the community, the programs which include lowering depression, encouraging exercise should be designed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.787-798
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to assign weights for subscales and items of the Post-Intensive Care Syndrome questionnaire and suggest optimal cut-off values for screening unplanned hospital readmissions of critical care survivors. Methods: Seventeen experts participated in an analytic hierarchy process for weight assignment. Participants for cut-off analysis were 240 survivors who had been admitted to intensive care units for more than 48 hours in three cities in Korea. We assessed participants using the 18-item Post-Intensive Care Syndrome questionnaire, generated receiver operating characteristic curves, and analysed cut-off values for unplanned readmission based on sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios. Results: Cognitive, physical, and mental subscale weights were 1.13, 0.95, and 0.92, respectively. Incidence of unplanned readmission was 25.4%. Optimal cut-off values were 23.00 for raw scores and 23.73 for weighted scores (total score 54.00), with an area of under the curve (AUC) of .933 and .929, respectively. There was no significant difference in accuracy for original and weighted scores. Conclusion: The optimal cut-off value accuracy is excellent for screening of unplanned readmissions. We recommend that nurses use the Post-Intensive Care Syndrome Questionnaire to screen for readmission risk or evaluating relevant interventions for critical care survivors.