• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권12호
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 2021

A prerequisite of a sound financial system is effective channeling of financial resources to efficient users; hence maximizing economic and societal welfare. To that end, the prevalence of bad loans in banks in emerging economies is a major policy concern. In an attempt to add to the growing body of literature explaining the interrelationship between macroeconomic and firm-specific factors, and non-performing loans (NPL), this paper examines data from 24 scheduled commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2019. Macroeconomic factors as well as firm-specific factors related to profitability, capital strength, and efficiency are considered. Panel data regression analysis is performed to estimate pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects models. Following the necessary testing, it was found that the fixed effects model with robust standard error is appropriate. Results show that return on assets and inflation have a negative influence on NPL, but GDP growth has a favorable impact. The paper concludes by asserting that the evidence supports similar findings from studies both in Bangladesh and elsewhere and it is noted that a combination of these macroeconomic and firm-specific factors explains only a small portion of the total variation in NPL.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제57권3호
• /
• pp.457-472
• /
• 2011

The word "subject," like its apparent antonym "agent" is ambiguous. By "speaking subject" I intend both meanings: the spoken about, and the speaker, and the spoken about, in more or less that order. The paper contrasts the way women are spoken about in the 19^th Century debate over the role of women between John Ruskin and John Mill, and then in literary criticism of feminists nearer our own time, Kate Millet and Elizabeth Langland. I then move on to women as speaking subjects, first in the form of an imaginary speaking subject created by a male speaker, Charles Dickens channeling the confessional journal of Esther Summerson in Bleak House. The comparison with Elizabeth Gaskell, a genuine speaking subject, is highly instructive. I draw attention to symmetrical, in the sense of opposite, narrative strategies. Where Dickens begins in journalese, with a gritty, realistic opening that only gradually reveals a Cinderella in the ashes, Gaskell begins with a nursery rhyme, in an actual nursery, but goes on to reveal some rather sordid economic facts. Where Dickens creates a ventriloquist's doll, Gaskell succeeds in creating recognizable, if not always admirable, female voices. I conclude that just as the novel may be read as a real utterance in a real conversation, it is also possible to read the true emergence of women novelists in the 19^th Century as nothing more and nothing less than the creation of the first truly womanly words about women: women as speaking subjects in both senses of the word.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.337-337
• /
• 2012

단일 결정의 Ge 박막은 0.67 eV의 작은 밴드갭을 가지고 있기에 장파장의 빛을 흡수하기 위한 목적으로 태양전지 분야에서 집중적인 연구가 진행되어지고 있다. 또한, Si에 비하여 높은 전하 이동도를 가지고 있기에 박막 트랜지스터로의 응용 연구들이 진행되고 있는 중이다. 전자 소자로써 큰 효과를 가지고 오기 위해서는 양질의 Ge 결정박막을 성장하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 다양한 공정 방법으로 Ge 박막의 결정성 향상에 대한 연구들을 진행하고 있다. 그중 본 연구에서는 ICP-assisted DC sputtering 방법을 이용하여 저온(${\sim}230^{\circ}C$) Ge 박막 결정성장에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. Ge 박막을 유리기판(Eagle 2000) 위에 증착하였으며, $6{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr 이하의 기본 압력에서 공정을 진행하였다. 7 mTorr의 Ar 분위기에서 타겟에 인가되는 전압 및 전류를 변화 시키며 Ge 박막 증착에 미치는 영향에 대해서 연구를 진행하였다. 기본적인 DC sputtering 방법을 이용하여 박막을 증착하였을 경우 증착한 모든 샘플에서 결정성을 확인하였으며, 낮은 전압에서도 결정화가 일어나는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 전압을 증가시켜도 결정화 정도가 일정하게 유지됨을 확인 할 수 있었다. 다만 이 경우에는 결정의 방향이 랜덤하게 형성되었으며, DC sputtering 방법을 이용하여 저온에서 공정을 진행하였기에 박막은 수십 nm의 columnar grain을 형성하였다. ICP를 이용한 DC sputtering 방법을 이용하여 박막을 증착 하였을 경우, 일정 전압 이하에서는 비정질의 Ge 박막이 균일하게 형성됨을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이후 결정화 정도가 타겟에 인가되는 전압에 비례하여 증가하였다. 또한, 이때 증착된 Ge 박막은 단일 결정으로 형성되었음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이는 박막 성장시 ICP에 의해서 생성된 Ar 이온이 표면으로 가속화됨으로 인하여 Ge 박막 표면에서 channeling 효과가 나타남으로 인하여 <110> 방향으로 결정이 정열된 것으로 보인다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.252.1-252.1
• /
• 2010

These studies convert to useful electricity from swine wastewater and to treat this wastewater. In order to operate the microbial fuel cell(MFC) for the swine wastewater, the anode volume of MFCs was scaled up with 5L in the vacant condition. Graphite felts and low-priced mesh stainless-less as electrode had mixed up and packed into the anode compartment. The meshed stainless-less electrode could also be acted the collector of electron produced by microorganisms in anode. For a cathode compartment, graphite felt loaded Pt/C catalyst was used. Graphite felt electrode embedded in the anode compartment was punched holds at regular intervals to prevent occurred the channeling phenomenon. The sources of seeding on microbial fuel cell was used a mixture of swine wastewater and anaerobic digestion sludge(1:1). It was enriched within 6 days. Swine wastewater was fed with 53.26 ml/min flow rate. The MFCs produced a current of about 17 mA stably used swine wastewater with $3,167{\pm}80mg/L$. The maximum power density and current density was 680 $mW/m^3$ and 3,770 $mA/m^3$, respectively. From these results it is showed that treatment of swine wastewater synchronizes with electricity generation using modified low priced microbial fuel cell.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.844-855
• /
• 2017

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have the ability to dissolve insoluble phosphate and enhance soil fertility. However, the growth and mineral phosphate solubilization of PSB could be affected by exogenous soluble phosphate and the mechanism has not been fully understood. In the present study, the growth and mineral phosphate-solubilizing characteristics of PSB strain Burkholderia multivorans WS-FJ9 were investigated at six levels of exogenous soluble phosphate (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mM). The WS-FJ9 strain showed better growth at high levels of soluble phosphate. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of WS-FJ9 was reduced as the soluble phosphate concentration increased, as well as the production of pyruvic acid. Transcriptome profiling of WS-FJ9 at three levels of exogenous soluble phosphate (0, 5, and 20 mM) identified 446 differentially expressed genes, among which 44 genes were continuously up-regulated when soluble phosphate concentration was increased and 81 genes were continuously down-regulated. Some genes related to cell growth were continuously up-regulated, which would account for the better growth of WS-FJ9 at high levels of soluble phosphate. Genes involved in glucose metabolism, including glycerate kinase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and sugar ABC-type transporter, were continuously down-regulated, which indicates that metabolic channeling of glucose towards the phosphorylative pathway was negatively regulated by soluble phosphate. These findings represent an important first step in understanding the molecular mechanisms of soluble phosphate effects on the growth and mineral phosphate solubilization of PSB.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.45-49
• /
• 2016

수중에서의 음향 통신의 성능은 신호의 다중경로 전달과정에 의해 발생하는 지역 확산 현상으로 인하여 인접 심볼간 간섭의 영향을 받는다. 이러한 다중경로의 영향으로 신호는 왜곡되고 원활한 수신을 방해하게 된다. 이러한 다중경로 환경에서 본 논문에서는 수신 신호의 성능을 향상시키고자 수중통신에 적합한 반복부호를 설정하였다. 적용 가능한 반복부호로는 터보 부호와 BCJR 기반의 컨볼루션 부호가 있으며, 동일한 부호화율 및 비슷한 부호어 길이에서 터보부호의 성능을 비교 분석하였다. 본 논문에서는 경북 문경시 경천호에서의 실제 수중 실험을 통하여 두 가지 방식의 성능을 분석하였다. 송수신 거리가 400m 그리고 데이터 속도를 1Kbps에서 측정된 실제 데이터를 이용하였다. 실험 결과 컨볼루션 부호 기반의 BCJR 복호기는 81%의 성공률, 터보 부호 기반의 터보 등화기는 93%의 성공률을 나타내는 것으로 보아 터보 부호 기반의 터보 등화기가 성능이 약간 우수함을 알 수 있다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제7권5호
• /
• pp.977-984
• /
• 1996

실관막 모듈을 이용한 액-액추출은 반응기 단위부피당 표면적이 크므로 신속히 진행된다. 이러한 실관막내에서 추출제와 원료액은 빠른 속도로 접촉하며 두 흐름이 완전히 독립적이므로 부하나 편류현상이 일어나지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 실관막을 이용하여 수용액으로부터 중금속들을 추출하기 위한 추출제들의 선택성을 고찰하였다. 또한, 실관막 내에서 용질의 물질전달에 미치는 분배비의 영향을 확인하기 위하여, 분배비와 총괄물질전달계수를 비교하였다. 이로부터, 분배비가 높은 계는 낮은 계에 비해 실관막 모듈 내에서 물질전달에 미치는 분배비의 영향이 미약함을 알 수 있었다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2008

Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ is a key cellular phosphoinositide that localizes in separate and distinctive pools in subcellular membrane and vesicular compartments. In membranes, Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ acts as a precursor to second messengers and is itself a main signaling and targeting molecule. Specific subcellular localization of type I PIP kinases directed by interacting with specific targeting module differentiates Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ production in a spatial and temporal manner. Several lines of evidences support the idea that Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ is generated in very specific pools in a spatial and temporal manner or by feeding Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ directly to effectors. In this concept, the interaction of PIPKI isoforms with a specific targeting module to allow precise subcellular targeting modulates highly specific Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ synthesis and channeling overall effectors. For instance, localization of PIPKI${\gamma}$661 to focal adhesions by an interaction with talin results in spatial and temporal production of Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$, which regulates EGF-stimulated directional cell migration. In addition, Type $I{\gamma}$ PIPK is targeted to E-cadherin in cell adherence junction and plays a role in controlling dynamics of cell adherence junction and endocytosis of E-cadherin. Characterizing how PIP kinase isoforms are regulated by interactions with their targeting modules, as well as the mechanisms by which their product, Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$, exerts its effects on cellular signaling processes, is crucial to understand the harmonized control of numerous cellular signaling pathways. Thus, in this review the roles of the Ptdlns(4)P(5) kinases and Ptdlns(4,5)$P_2$ were described and critically reviewed in terms of regulation of the E-cadherin trafficking, cell migration, and formation of cell adherence junction which is indispensable and is tightly controlled in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.588-595
• /
• 2016

IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) have been developed as viable alternative diagnostic tools for detecting latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). A customized homogeneous sandwich luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay (LOCI) was used to quantify IFN-γ levels in IGRAs. Samples were collected from healthy volunteers (n = 40) who were T-Spot-negative and T-Spot-positive patients (n = 32) at rest. Then the amount of IFN-γ in the supernatant of IGRAs was measured by LOCI. The results demonstrated a low background, and high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility, and a short assay time (only 30 min) with LOCI for IFN-γ. The recovery range was 81.63-102.06%, the coefficients of variation were below 5%, and the limit of detection was 19.0 mIU/ml. Excellent agreement between LOCI IFN-γ and the T-SPOT.TB test was obtained (97.2% agreement, κ = 0.94). The LOCI IFN-γ concentrations were significantly higher in T-Spot-positive patients than in the healthy group (p < 0.001). Moreover, as observed for the comparative LOCI IFN-γ assay, IFN-γ concentrations were related to the numbers of T-SPOT.TB spots. We have established an in vitro blood test for LTBI diagnosis, defined as LOCI IFN-γ. A high level of agreement between the LOCI IFN-γ method and T-SPOT.TB assay was observed in clinical studies that showed the LOCI IFN-γ method could determine LTBI. This study shows acceptable performance characteristics of the LOCI IFN-γ assay to diagnose LTBI.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 1995년도 제8회 학술발표회 논문개요집
• /
• pp.36-36
• /
• 1995

The cubic (zinc blende) CdSe eppilayers were grown on GaAs(100) substrates by electron beam (e-beam) evapporation technique. X-ray scans with copper $K\alpha$ radiation indicate that the CdSe eppilayers are zinc blende. The lattice pparameter obtained from the (400) reflection is 6.077$\AA$, which is in excellent agreement with the value repported in the literature for zinc blende CdSe. The orientation of as-grown CdSe eppilayer is determined by electron channeling ppatterns(ECpp). The crystallinity of heteroeppitaxial CdSe layers were investigated based on the double crystal x-ray rocking curve(DCRC). The deppendence of the rocking curve width on layer thickness was studied. The FWHM(full width at half maximum) of CdSe eppilayers grown on GaAs(100) substrates is decreasing with increasing eppilayer thickness. The carrier concentration and mobility of the as-grown eppilayers deduced Hall data by van der ppauw method, are about 7$\times$1017 cm-3 and 2$\times$102 $\textrm{cm}^2$ / sec at room tempperature, resppectively. The energy gapp was determinded from the pphotocurrent sppectrum. In pphotocurrent sppectrum of a 1-${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick CdSe eppilayer at 30K, the ppeak at 1.746 eV is due to the free exciton of cubic CdSe. In summary, We have shown that eppilayers of zinc blende CdSe can be grown on GaAs(100) substrates by e-beam, desppite the large mismatch between eppilayer and substrate, as well as the natural ppreference for CdSe to form in the wurtzite structure.