• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.440-452
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• 1994

Nuclear fuel bundles are designed such that the heat flux at a-fuel pin surface should not exceed the critical heat flux (CHF) during normal operation and anticipated transient. Therefore, evaluation of the CHF for fuel bundle is demanded in an exact and reliable manner. One of the major concerns with the current application of CHF correlations is that the CHF based on circular tubes is applied to the fuel bundle subchannel analysis, mainly in terms of the hydraulic diameter with correction factors which may result in a source of possibly large uncertainties in CHF prediction. The hydraulic diameter does not recognize the local properties of fluid nor such effect as the surface curvature; the turbulence action on the convex surface is much more pronounced than that on the concave surface. Even for the tube having concave curvature, the effect of tube diameter on CHF becomes important with decreasing diameter. These facts imply that the convex curvature effect is significant and crucial to the reliable CHF prediction. This paper reviews and discusses analytical and experimental aspects of effect of transverse convex curvature in incompressible turbulent flow and heat transfer, and on CHF. Flow models to quantify this effect are briefly mentioned and future works are recommended.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.167-181
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• 2010

To predict changes in the marine environment of the Beolgyo Stream Estuary in Jeonnam Province, South Korea, where cohesive tidal flats cover a broad area and a large bridge is under construction, this study conducted numerical simulations involving tidal flow and cohesive sediment transport. A wetting and drying (WAD) technique for tidal flats from the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was applied to a large-scale-grid hydrodynamic module capable of evaluating the flow resistance of structures. Derivation of the eddy viscosity coefficient for wakes created by structures was accomplished through the explicit use of shear velocity and Chezy's average velocity. Furthermore, various field observations, including of tide, tidal flow, suspended sediment concentrations, bottom sediments, and water depth, were performed to verify the model and obtain input data for it. In particular, geologic parameters related to the evaluation of settling velocity and critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition were observed, and numerical tests for the representation of suspended sediment concentrations were performed to determine proper values for the empirical coefficients in the sediment transport module. According to the simulation results, the velocity variation was particularly prominent around the piers in the tidal channel. Erosion occurred mainly along the tidal channels near the piers, where bridge structures reduced the flow cross section, creating strong flow. In contrast, in the rear area of the structure, where the flow was relatively weak due to the formation of eddies, deposition and moderated erosion were predicted. In estuaries and coastal waters, changes in the flow environment caused by artificial structures can produce changes in the sedimentary environment, which in turn can affect the local marine ecosystem. The numerical model proposed in this study will enable systematic prediction of changes to flow and sedimentary environments caused by the construction of artificial structures.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.108-114
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• 1980

A deterministic conceptual erosion model which simulates detachment, entrainment, transport and deposition of eroded soil particles by rainfall impact and flowing water is presented. Both upland and channel phases of sediment yield are incorporated into the erosion model. The algorithms for the soil erosion and sedimentation processes including land and crop management effects are taken from the literature and then solved using a digital computer. The erosion model is used in conjunction with the modified Kentucky Watershed Model which simulates the hydrologic characteristics from watershed data. The two models are linked together by using the appropriate computer code. Calibrations for both the watershed and erosion model parameters are made by comparing the simulated results with actual field measurements in the Four Mile Creek watershed near Traer, Iowa using 1976 and 1977 water year data. Two water years, 1970 and 1978 are used as test years for model verification. There is good agreement between the mean daily simulated and recorded streamflow and between the simulated and recorded suspended sediment load except few partial differences. The following conclusions were drawn from the results after testing the watershed and erosion model. 1. The watershed and erosion model is a deterministic lumped parameter model, and is capable of simulating the daily mean streamflow and suspended sediment load within a 20 percent error, when the correct watershed and erosion parameters are supplied. 2. It is found that soil erosion is sensitive to errors in simulation of occurrence and intensity of precipitation and of overland flow. Therefore, representative precipitation data and a watershed model which provides an accurate simulation of soil moisture and resulting overland flow are essential for the accurate simulation of soil erosion and subsequent sediment transport prediction. 3. Erroneous prediction of snowmelt in terms of time and magnitute in conjunction with The frozen ground could be the reason for the poor simulation of streamflow as well as sediment yield in the snowmelt period. More elaborate and accurate snowmelt submodels will greatly improve accuracy. 4. Poor simulation results can be attributed to deficiencies in erosion model and to errors in the observed data such as the recorded daily streamflow and the sediment concentration. 5. Crop management and tillage operations are two major factors that have a great effect on soil erosion simulation. The erosion model attempts to evaluate the impact of crop management and tillage effects on sediment production. These effects on sediment yield appear to be somewhat equivalent to the effect of overland flow. 6. Application and testing of the watershed and erosion model on watersheds in a variety of regions with different soils and meteorological characteristics may be recommended to verify its general applicability and to detact the deficiencies of the model. Futhermore, by further modification and expansion with additional data, the watershed and erosion model developed through this study can be used as a planning tool for watershed management and for solving agricultural non-point pollution problems.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.713-724
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• 1996

The time-series resident solute concentrations, monitored at two field plots using the automated 144-channel TDR system by Kim (this issue), are used to investigate the dominant transport mechanism at field scale. Two models, based on contradictory assumptions for describing the solute transport in the vadose zone, are fitted to the measured mean breakthrough curves (BTCs): the deterministic one-dimensional convection-dispersion model (CDE) and the stochastic-convective lognormal transfer function model (CLT). In addition, moment analysis has been performed using the probability density functions (pdfs) of the travel time of resident concentration. Results of moment analysis have shown that the first and second time moments of resident pdf are larger than those of flux pdf. Based on the time moments, expressed in function of model parameters, variance and dispersion of resident solute travel times are derived. The relationship between variance or dispersion of solute travel time and depth has been found to be identical for both the time-series flux and resident concentrations. Based on these relationships, the two models have been tested. However, due to the significant variations of transport properties across depth, the test has led to unreliable results. Consequently, the model performance has been evaluated based on predictability of the time-series resident BTCs at other depths after calibration at the first depth. The evaluation of model predictability has resulted in a clear conclusion that for both experimental sites the CLT model gives more accurate prediction than the CDE model. This suggests that solute transport at natural field soils is more likely governed by a stream tube model concept with correlated flow than a complete mixing model. Poor prediction of CDE model is attributed to the underestimation of solute spreading and thus resulting in an overprediction of peak concentration.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop a continuous rainfall-runoff model for flood prediction on a large-scale basin. For this study, the hourly surface runoff estimation method based on the variable retention parameter and runoff curve number is developed. This model is composed that the soil moisture to continuous rainfall can be simulated with applying the hydrologic components to the continuous equation for soil moisture. The runoff can be simulated by linking the hydrologic components with the storage function model continuously. The runoff simulation to large basins can be performed by using channel storage function model. Nakdong river basin is selected as the study area. The model accuracy is evaluated at the 8 measurement sites during flood season in 2006 (calibration period) and 2007~2008 (verification period). The calibrated model simulations are well fitted to the observations. Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiencies in the calibration and verification periods exist in the range of 0.81 to 0.95 and 0.70 to 0.94, respectively. The behavior of soil moisture depending on the rainfall and the annual loadings of simulated hydrologic components are rational. From this results, continuous rainfall-runoff model developed in this study can be used to predict the discharge on large basins.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.65-75
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• 2022

Deep learning is used as a creative tool that could overcome the limitations of existing analysis models and generate various types of results such as text, image, and music. In this paper, we propose a method necessary to preprocess audio data using the Niko's MIDI Pack sound source file as a data set and to generate music using Bi-LSTM. Based on the generated root note, the hidden layers are composed of multi-layers to create a new note suitable for the musical composition, and an attention mechanism is applied to the output gate of the decoder to apply the weight of the factors that affect the data input from the encoder. Setting variables such as loss function and optimization method are applied as parameters for improving the LSTM model. The proposed model is a multi-channel Bi-LSTM with attention that applies notes pitch generated from separating treble clef and bass clef, length of notes, rests, length of rests, and chords to improve the efficiency and prediction of MIDI deep learning process. The results of the learning generate a sound that matches the development of music scale distinct from noise, and we are aiming to contribute to generating a harmonistic stable music.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

There has been continuous efforts to manage water resources for the required water quality criterion at river channel in Korea. However, we could obtain the partial improvement only for the point sources such as, waste waters from urban and factory site through the water quality management. Therefore, it is strongly needed that the best management practice throughout the river basin fur water quality management including non-point sources pollutant loads. This problem should be resolved by recognizing the non-point sources pollutant loads from the upstream river basin to the outlet of the basin depends on the landuse and soil type characteristics of the river basin using the computer simulation by a distributed model based on the detailed investigation and application of Geographic Information System (GIS). The purpose of this study is consisted of the three major distributions, which are the investigation of spread non-point sources pollutants throughout the river basin, development of the base maps to represent and interpret the input and outputs of the distributed simulation model, and prediction of non-point sources pollutant loads at the outlet of a up-stream river basin using Agricultural Non-Point Sources Model (AGNPS). For the validation purpose, the Seom-Jin River basin was selected with two flood events in 1998. The results of this application showed that the use of combined a distributed model and an application of GIS was very effective fur the best water resources and quality management practice throughout the river basin

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Applicability of the pressure gradient method which is formulated based on pressure gradient is verified against turbulent flow analysis. In the pressure gradient method, pressure gradient instead of pressure itself is obtained using continuity constraint. Since correct pressure gradient is found only when mass conservation is satisfied, pressure gradient method can reflect physics of flow field properly The pressure gradient method is formulated with semi-staggered grid system which locates each primitive variables on the same grid point but evaluates pressure gradient in-between. This grid system ensures easy programming and reflection of correct physics in analysis. For verifying applicability of this method, the pressure gradient method is applied to turbulent flow analysis with low Reynolds number $\kappa$-$\varepsilon$ model. Turbulent flows include fully developed channel flow, backward-facing step flow, and conical diffuser flow. Prediction results show that the pressure gradient method can be applied to turbulent flow analysis. However, the pressure gradient method requires somewhat long computation time. Proper way to find optimum under-relaxation factor, $\gamma$, is also need to be developed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.15-22
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• 2008

The cdma2000 1xEV-DO system controls the data rates of mobile terminals based on a binary overload indicator from the base station and a simple probabilistic model. However, this control scheme has difficulty in predicting the future behavior of mobile terminals due to a probabilistic uncertainty and has no reliable means of suppressing the traffic overload, which may result in performance degradation of CDMA systems that have interference-limited capacity. This Paper proposes a new traffic control scheme that controls the data rates of mobile terminals effectively by predicting the future traffic load and adjusting the forward-link control channel. The proposed scheme is analyzed by modeling it as a multi-dimensional Markov process and compared with conventional schemes. The numerical results show that the maximum cell throughput of the proposed scheme is much higher than those of the conventional schemes.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 2010

COMS accommodates multiple payloads; Meteorological Image(MI), Ocean Color Imager(GOCI) and Ka-band communication payloads. In order to improve the quality of MI visible channel, the moon image has been taken into account as backup reference in addition to Albedo monitoring. However, obtaining the moon image by adding special mission schedule is not recommended after IOT, because we may miss chances to obtain meteorological images during the time slots for special imaging. As an alternative solution, an approach extracting moon image from MI FD(Full Disk) image has been proposed when the moon is positioned near to the earth. However, prediction of acquisition time of moon image is somewhat difficult as the moon moves while the MI is scanning type sensor. And the moon can not be seen when it is behind the earth or outside of FD field of view. This paper discusses how effectively the moon can be detected by the MI FD imaging. For that purpose, this paper describes an approach taken to predict the time when the moon image is achievable and then introduces the results obtained from computer simulation.