• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2000

When interpreting change over time in forest ecosystems, distinguishing the effects of forest succession from the effects of environmental stress can be difficult. The result may be a simplistic interpretation. citing a specific successional or environmental cause of forest change when both types may be occurring. We present two case studies of changes in the forest floor in northern hardwoods. First, the belief that 50% of soil organic matter is lost in the first 20 years after logging was based on a study comparing northern hardwood stands of different ages. We resampled a series of 13 such stands after an interval of 15 years, and found that the young stands were not, in fact. losing organic matter as rapidly as predicted from the original chronosequence study. The pattern of higher organic matter content in the forest floors of older stands compared to young stands could be equally well explained by changes in logging practices over the last century as by the aging of the stand. The observed pattern of forest floor organic matter as a function of stand age was previously interpreted as a successional pattern, ignoring changes in treatment history. In the second case study, observed losses of base cations from the forest floor were attributed to cation depletion caused by acid rain and declining calcium deposition. We found that young stands were gaining base cations in the forest floor; losses of base cations were restricted to older stands. Differences in litter chemistry in stands of different ages may explain some of the pattern in cation gains and losses. In this case, the contribution of successional processes to cation loss had been overlooked in favor of environmental stress as the dominant mechanism behind the observed changes. Studies of environmental stress use repeated measures over time. but often don't consider stand age as a factor. Studies of successional change often assume that environmental factors remain constant. We were able to consider both forest succession and external factors because we repeatedly sampled stands of different ages.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.622-636
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• 1997

Glass ionomer cements, which had been developed in 1972, were widely used as an agent for cementation, base, pit and fissure sealant, and esthetic filling material with the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, anti-cariogenic fluoride release. Specimens were made to evaluate the color change of Glass ionomer cement with a newly developed improved Fuji II Le. Specimens for color change study with cement thickness of 1, 2, 3mm were made and those for the study of color shift pattern were made with the assumption that new mid-shade can be made by mixing of equal amount of both shades in 2mm thickness. After 24 hours in a $37^{\circ}C$ incubator, CIELAB color spaces were evaluated with a spectrophotometer. The results were as follows ; 1. All specimens discolored to dark and blue with an increased thickness in all shades (p<0.05). 2. There were significant $a^*$ space (red-green direction) changes in every A, B, C, D shade series except the relationship between 1mm and 2mm thickness groups in B shade series. But the changes were irregular, i.e., each shade series has its own pattern. 3. Each shade series showed its own specific color shift pattern in all $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ spaces. 4. B shade series showed less amont of changes in ${\Delta}{\pm}E$ than those of A and C shade series (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in ${\Delta}E$ within each shade series.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1488-1494
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• 1999

Effect of ${\gamma}-irradiation$ on the SDS-PAGE pattern, secondary structure content, the solubility of commercial soy protein isolate (SPI) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) was investigated. The change in the subunit molecular weight of SPI and WPC irradiated in aqueous solution or dried state was studied using SDS-PAGE. The SDS-PAGE pattern of SPI irradiated in aqueous solution revealed the fragmentation and aggregation of the subunit protein. For WPC irradiated in aqueous solution. fragmentation of the subunit protein up to 10 kGy was observed. In contrast, ${\gamma}-irradiation$ of SPI and WPC in dried state did not cause any significant changes in the SDS-PAGE pattern. The change In the secondary structure of irradiated SPI and WPC solution was studied using circular dichroism. The aperiodic structure content of SPI and WPC solution increased at higher irradiation doses, which suggests that ${\gamma}-irradiation$ caused the disruption of the ordered structure of SPI and WPC solution. Gamma-irradiation also caused the change in solubility of SPI and WPC in dried state.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate mechanical characteristics of the uniformly loaded skew-plate at 4 kinds of boundary condition : i) all edges are clamped (BC-1) , ii) all edges are simply supported (BC- 2), iii) two opposite edges are clamped and the other two edges are free (BC-3), and iv )two opposite edges are simply supported and the other two edges are free (BC-4). Various skew angles, 0$^{\circ}$, 10$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 40: 45: and 60, of the plate were tested for the above boundary conditions. Resutts obtained from the study are summarized as follows ; 1.The lateral displacement at the center of a skew- plate was decreased as the skewangle increased at all of the boundary conditions. The decrements of the conditions of BC-3 and BC-4 were considerable. And, difference of the displacement between the boundary conditions was decreased as the skew-angle was increased. 2. X-moments (to the Y-axis) at the center of a skew- plate and the minimum principal moments were shown as a similar pattern of change with respect to the skew-angle variation between BC-i and BC-2 and between BC-3 and BC-4, and the pattern of change at the conditions of BC-3 and BC-4 were shown higher rates than those for the conditions of BC-i and BC-2 3.Y-moments (to the X- axis) at the center of a skew-plate and the maximum principal moment were decreased as the skew-angle increased in a similar pattern at all of the boundary conditions. 4.X-moments at the obtuse angle side of a skew-plate were shown as a parabolic pattern of change (frist increased after then decreased) as the skew-angle increased, and a skew-angle resulting the maximum absolute moment was depended on the boundary conditions. 5.Y-moments at the obtuse angle side of a skew-plate were affected by the skewangle much more at the boundary condtions of BC-2 and BC-4 than at the conditions of BC-i and BC-3. 6.Maximum principal moments at the obtuse angle side of a skew-plate at the skew angle of 40$^{\circ}$- 45$^{\circ}$ were resulted almost the same value at all of the boundary conditions .

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 1994

Nowadays computer technology is being applied in various areas of apparel design. In particular, since the task of pattern making is to be performed by a set of predefined drawing rules, the effect of computer application in pattern making will be significant, There have been a large number of studies on pattern making program. For instance, the previous studies have developed computer programs for pattern making of women's wear, men's wear, children's wear, Han-Bok, etc. Most of them have focused on the development of computer program for a particular kind of apparel only and, however, have disregarded the feasibility of developing a multi-purposed computer program so that is just can be modified to adopt for various styles. For example, by widening the hem-wide of the basic H-Line skirt and then connecting its waist line and widened hem-wide, we can draw the A-Line skirt. Therefore, we have developed a program which can make a pattern for the basic skirt and can mae, with a slight change of he program, other patterns for various style as well. The objective of this paper is to identify and organize modules which will be used for developing a general pattern making computer system. This general pattern making system is a computer program by which we can draw a variety of apparel styles. This system is restricted to skirt pattern making only. there presentation scheme used in organizing these modules is an AND-OR tree, the one being often used in representing a complex problem in artificial intelligence domain.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1972

Nine shrub layer communities under two relatively well conserved natural summer green forests in the central region of Korean Peninsula were studied for the pattern of stem distribution in terms of Greig-Smith's multiple split-plot experiment and for the association between the population of the two main species in terms of Kershaw's covariance analysis respectively. Four contiguous belt transects, $4{\times}64m size with 1{\times}1m$ basic unit, were set in each shrub layer communities. Significant primary clumps with $1{\times}1m or 1{\times}2m$ dimension wer observed consistently throughout the nine study sites. The primary clumps themselves were significantly distributed either regularly or at random. The association between the two principal species of each shrub layer is highly significantly either positive or negative in $1{\times}1m or 1{\times}2m$ dimension. As the plot size increases from $1{\times}1m to 8{\times}8m$ the associational trends were changed from negative to positive direction in one forests. But the change from positive to negative direction and the consistent negative association were also observed from the other forest. All of the association trends were observed only from $1{\times}1m to 4{\times}4m$ dimension. These results are suggestive that the distributional pattern of the shrub layer species under the summer green forest is simple mosaic fashioned with $1{\times}1m or 1{\times}2m$ dimension. The rest of the principal species are located in that matrix. The simple mosaic pattern of two principal species are located in that matrix. The simple mosaic pattern of two principal species seems to be controlled by change in micro-environmental pattern. Differences between the primary random group and clumped group among sites also suggest that competition exists for light or/and soil between primary clumped groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.563-575
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• 2024

This study analyzed 2D bodice sloper changes according to combinations of the lateral neck and shoulder points of a 3D mannequin's shoulder lines. The relationship between the 3D shape and 2D pattern was analyzed. The shoulder line was set to a default of 1cm in front of or behind the lateral neck point, 1cm in front or behind the lateral shoulder point and 1cm vertically above the lateral neck or shoulder point. When the lateral neck point was moved backward, the front neck depth, front and back shoulder height, and shoulder length in the 3D shape increased, whereas the back neck's depth and width decreased. In the 2D pattern, the back shoulder height decreased. As the lateral shoulder point moved backward, all items of the 3D shape showed little change. However, the front shoulder height for the 2D pattern decreased. Consequently, the back shoulder height increased, and the lateral neck point was raised vertically by 1cm. Meanwhile, only the back neck depth and shoulder length decreased while all other items increased; however, in the 2D pattern, the front neck width and shoulder line showed no notable change. The shoulder point was raised vertically by 1cm, and the front and back shoulder heights of the 3D shape and 2D pattern were decreased.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.86-96
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• 2004

A clinical study about painful manifestation on lumbar with regard to movement change of trunk The purpose of this study is to present the basis of low back pain therapy which is close examined of back muscle that is the main reason for that case of back pain when trunk rotation, flexion and extension. Therefore this study, which is based on literature review and clinical experience, has tried to figure out that back pain which is considered to be significant for the most increasing time, posture, motion, painful area, involved muscle have any influence on trunk rotation, flexion and extension This study has done with the patients in oriental rehabilitation clinic, K-oriental hospital, from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2003. Total cases were 145(male:$39\%$-52 patients, female:$64.1\%$-93 patients) those who complained lumbosacral pain with radiating that makes patient unable to bending or extending the trunk. And they were surveyed retrospect way, checking the medical record and that of therapist. Results are as followings. 1. For sprain patient, $34.5\%$ complained pain on extension, and among them, the most remarkably, patients who did right rotation extension pattern were $20\%$. Herniated disc patient shows greater limit on flexion when trunk moves bending route, but right rotation with extension pattern shows the most limitation on flexion-extension according to the rotation of trunk 2. Cases of morning back pain($60.5\%$) showed high value on right rotation extension pattern($18.6\%$), right rotation flexion pattern($16.3\%$) but did not show big difference on left flexion and extension pattern 3. Patients those who complain pain on sitting position showed highest value each left, right $14.6\%$ of left and right rotation extension pattern 4. Among extension painful patient, there showed highest value of each $32.5\%$ on right rotation extension pattern, and $20.0\%$ on right rotation flexion pattern. 5. Tenderness distribution of quadratus lumborum showed $34.5\%$ on right rotation extension pattern, $20.7\%$ on left rotation extension pattern, and that of iliopsoas muscle at right rotation flexion pattern showed right muscle $20.0\%$, left $50.0\%$ Derived from the results of survey above, for sprain and HIVD patient showed greatest pain on right rotation pattern, for pain plus patient on right rotation extension among those who has extreme pain on sitting in the morning described tenderness on right quadratus lumborum, and those who complain pain on left rotation extension described tenderness on left lumborum the most Decisively, it is possible to figure out the problem muscle that involved when I found the time, position, motion that aggravating and painful area. Therefore this study would be expected to be able to be a useful clinical materials on diagnosis and therapy of low back pain.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.176-180
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• 2004

The ST-segment that the beginning part of T wave is the important diagnostic parameter to finding myocardial ischemia. Abnormal ST appears in two types. One is the level change, and the other is the pattern change. In this paper, we describe the monitoring of abnormal ST using PC based system. Hardware of this system consists of transmitter, receiver and PC. The function of transmitter is measuring ECG in three channels which are selected manually and transmitting the data to receiver by digital radio way. Connection with receiver and PC is by RS232C, and the data received on the PC is analyzed automatically by ECG analysis algorithm and saved to file. In the algorithm part for detecting abnormal ST, ST-segments are approximated by a polynomial. This method can detect all of the deviation and pattern change of ST-segment regardless the change in the heart rate or sampling rate. To gain algorithm reliability, the method rejects distorted polynomial approximation by calculation the difference between the approximated ST-segment and original ST-segment. In pre-signal processing, the wavelet transformation separates high frequency bands including QRS complex from the original ECG. Consequently, the process improves the performance of detecting each feature points.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.497-507
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• 2011

This paper develops the steel-house design interface that helps make building design effectively done by constructing building materials as components and assembling them as patterns. It also aims to develop the Flexible Building Design System that supports a technology which makes change of constructing easy and reduces the cost effectively through a simulation of building design like design, analysis, change information, etc., by grafting the virtual building technology into the process of building. It especially is possible for a designer and user to change a building easily by using patterns and according to the change, pattern information of materials needed and the plans of the building are made automatically. Kin-search that can be happened through personal proficiency or knowledge visualization is also the reason why the technology should be embodied.