• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2001

Cardiac arrest, hypoxia, shock or seizure has been known to induce cerebral ischemia. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ischemia on hippocampal pyramidal layer induced by transient bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Mature Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed at days 2, 4, and 7 after carotid occlusion for 10 minutes. Sham-operated gerbils of control group were subjected to the same protocol except for carotid occlusion. During operation for ischemia, body temperature was maintained $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ in all gerbils. Paraffin-embedded brain tissue blocks were cut into coronal slices and stained with H-E stain or immunostain by TUNEL method. Neurons with the oval and prominent nucleus and without the eosinophilic cytoplasm in the subfield of hippocamapal pyramidal layer were calculated as to be viable neurons. Their chromatins were condensed or clumped. Their nuclei appeared multiangular or irregularly shrinked. The width of the pyramidal layer was reduced due to the loss of nuclei. At day 2 after reperfusion, some neurons in the CA1 subfield were slightly eosinophilic. But most neurons in the CA2 subfield were strongly eosinophilic. At day 4 day, most neurons in the CA1 subfield were severely damaged and at day 7 day, only a few survived neurons were observed. Survived neurons per longitudinal 1mm sector in the CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subfields of pyramidal layer were investigated. At day 2, the mean numbers of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subfiedls were 104.5/mm (54.3%), 51.0/mm (33.8%), 105.5/mm (85.6%), and 124.3/mm (93.5%) compared to the nonischemic control group, respectively. At day 4, the mean numbers of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subfields were 3.2/mm (1.7%), 51.5/mm(34.2%), 95.3/mm (77.4%), and 112.5/mm (84.6%), respectively. At day 7, the mean numbers of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subfiedls were 0.8/mm (0.4%), 5.7/mm(3.8%), 9.8/mm (8.0%), and 5.0/mm (3.7%), respectively. The mean numbers of apoptotic positive neurons in the CA1 subfield at day 2, 4, and 7 after reperfusion were 67.8/mm, 153.2/mm and 123.7/mm, respectively. These results suggest that the transient cerebral ischemia cause severe damages in most neurons at day 7 and that the prosminent apoptotic positive neurons in hippocampal pyramidal layer are the delayed neuronal death induced by ischemia.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 1999

한국산 플라나리아 뇌신경절을 실험에 사용할 수 있도록 적당한 크기로 적출하여 부위별로 잘라낸 후 2.5% paraformaldehyde-3% glutaraldehyde로 1시간 30분 전고정을 하고 이러서 $OsO_4$로 2시간 후 고정을 한 다음 전자현미경 관찰방법에 따라 실험한 후 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 뇌신경절을 구성하고 있는 세포는 신경세포와 신경분비세포, 신경아교세포 그리고 신경섬유들로 이루어진 신경망 등이었다. 신경세포는 직경이 $5{\mu}m$ 정도인 원형 또는 타원형의 작은 세포로서, 핵은 타원형체로 세포질에 비해 크고 이질염색질이 고르게 발달해 있었으나, 세포질은 세포 소기관의 발달이 미진하여 비교적 단순하게 보였다. 신경분비세포는 그 모양이 긴 타원형이거나 방추형세포로서 타원형의 큰 핵을 소지하였다. 또한 이들의 세포질속에는 직경 60nm 정도의 분비성과립들로 가득차 있었다. 신경아교세포는 매우 드물게 나타나는 방추형의 세포로서 (크기, $6\times0.8{\mu}m$) 이들은 신경섬유 사이에서 주로 관찰되었다. 신경망을 구성하고 있는 신경섬유와 신경종말 속에는 사립체와 신경소관 그리고 4종류의 분비성소포(직경, 75nm, 50nm, 그리고 37nm 정도의 전자밀도가 높은 과립소포 3종과 30nm 크기의 전자밀도가 낮은 투명과 립소포 1종) 등이 존재하였는데, 이들은 단일소포 형태와 혼합소포형태로 존재하였다. 또한 이들의 신경연접 형태는 축삭-수상돌기연접과 축삭-축삭돌기연접 등의 신경 연합만이 주로 관찰되는 특징을 보였다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.706-713
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• 2010

Objectives : The source is from the flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., family Compositae. It is used in clinical medicine to promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, promote menstruation and alleviate pain. In the present study, we investigated the genome wide analysis of Carthami Flos on the intra-cranial hemorrhage(ICH) model. Methods : ICH in rat was induced by injection of collagenase type IV and Carthami Flos extract(CFe) was administered orally. The molecular profile of cerebral hemorrhage in rat brain tissue was measured using microarray technique to identify up- or down- regulated genes in brain tissue. Results : Expression profile showed that diverse genes were up- or down-regulated by ICH induction. Administration of CFe restored the expression level of some of altered genes by ICH to normal expressional level. Interestingly, these recovered genes by CFe were involved in the same biological pathways which were significantly activated or suppressed by ICH. Conclusion : The above results might explain the therapeutic mechanism of CFe on ICH. Further, by analyzing interaction network, core genes was identified which could be key molecular targets of CFe against ICH.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.332-337
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• 2013

Microglial activation plays an important role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders such as cerebral ischemia, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, controlling microglial activation can serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for such brain diseases. In the present study, we showed that kalopanaxsaponin A, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Kalopanax pictus, inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia, while kalopanaxsaponin A increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 expression. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that kalopanaxsaponin A inhibited LPS-induced DNA binding activities of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1, and the phosphorylation of JNK without affecting other MAP kinases. Furthermore, kalopanaxsaponin A inhibited the intracellular ROS production with upregulation of anti-inflammatory hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Based on the previous reports that JNK pathway is largely involved in iNOS and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression via modulating NF-${\kappa}B$/AP-1 and ROS, our data collectively suggest that inhibition of JNK pathway plays a key role in anti-inflammatory effects of kalopanaxsaponin A in LPS-stimulated microglia.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Tong Xin Lou (TXL) on lipid accumulation in liver tissue in Hypercholesterolemic mice. TXL is new drug, which is one of Cardiotonic Pills. TXL is used for activating the blood flow in the restoration stage of cerebral infarction, and for alleviation of angina pectoris including the symptoms as chest oppressed and stabbing pain. Methods : Hyperlipidemia was induced by providing high fat diet for 6 weeks. Normal group was provided with normal rodent diet. TXL was administered orally in the concentration of 10 mg/day for 2 weeks (TXL group). D/W was administered orally in CTL group for 2 weeks. We observed histopathological changes in liver and heart tissues, and also investigated the effect on body weights, and levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride in serum. Results : In this study, TXL did not affects weight gain in hypercholesterolemic mice. TXL group showed downward tendency of lipid accumulation compared with CTL group. In addition, oral administration of TXL lowered levels of total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and triglyceride (P < 0.05), which were elevated by induction of hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion : These results suggest that TXL can prevent lipid accumulation in liver tissue through regulation of dyslipidemia.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2004

Evaluated the hyperacute embolic effects of triolein and oleic acid in cat brains by using MR image and electron microscopy. In fat embolism, free fatty acid is more toxic than neutral fat in terms of tissue damage. T2-Weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging were performed in cat brains after the injection of triolein (group 1, n=8) or oleic acid (group 2, n=10) into the internal carotid artery. MR image were quantitatively assessed by comparing the lesions with their counterparts on T2-weighted images, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Electron microscopic findings in group 1 were compared with those in group 2. Qualitatively, MR images revealed two types of lesions. Type 1 lesions were hyperintense on diffusion-weighted images and hypointense of ADC maps. Type 2 lesions were isointense or mildly hyperintense on diffusion-weighted images and isointense on ADC maps. Quantitatively, the signal intensity rations of type 1 lesions in group 2 specimens were significantly higher on T2-weighted images (P=.013)/(P=.027) and lower on ADC maps compared with those of group 1. Electron microscopy of type 1 lesions in both groups revealed more prominent widening of the perivascular space and swelling of the neural cells in groups 1. MR and electron microscopic data on cerebral fat embolism induced by either triolein or oleic acid revealed characteristics suggestive of both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema in the hyperacute stage. Tissue damage appeared more severe in the oleic acid group than in the triolein group.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1986

The Carpentier-Edwards porcine xenograft valve was used in 21 patients at Seoul National University Hospital during the period between 1977 and 1979. Twenty-four Carpentier-Edwards valves were implanted along with 2 others. Three patients died within 30 days of operation, an operative mortality rate of 14.3%. Eighteen early survivors were followed up for a total 67.5 patient-years [mean, 45.0$\pm$32.0 months]. There were 2 late deaths with a linealized late mortality rate of 2.96%/patient-year; one died from cerebral bleeding [1.48% bleeding/patient-year] and the other from prosthetic valve endocarditis [1, 48% endocarditis/patient-year]. There was no case of thromboembolism. Two patients developed mitral regurgitation [2.96% failure/patient-year]. Symptomatic improvement was excellent. The actuarial survival rate and the probability of freedom from overall valve failure were 75.3$\pm$9.6% and 80.7$\pm$12.9% at 9 years after surgery respectively. During the period from October, 1968, through June, 1985, 1, 190 substitute heart valves were used in a total of 967 patients at Seoul National University Hospital; of which, 90.9% were either porcine aortic or bovine pericardial xenograft valves. For the evaluation of the xenograft tissue valves, the consecutive patients with lonescu-Shiley valve in the mitral, aortic and both positions, Angell-Shiley valve and Carpentier-Edwards valve were recently studied on the clinical ground. They were 531 patients, and 643 xenograft valves were used. The operative mortality rate was 6.97% and a linealized late mortality rate 2.94%/patient-year. A total of 490 early survivors were followed up for 917.6 patient-years [mean, 22.5 months], and 70% of patients completed the follow-up. The linealized incidences of complications were: 2.29% emboli/patient-year, 1.98% bleeding/patient-year, 1.20% endocarditis/patient-year, and 3.49% failure/patient-year. These clinical resutls are fully comparable with those in the major reports. The durability of the glutaraldehydepreserved xenograft heart valves remains as a great concern and a continuing debate, expecially for the group of patients in the pediatric age. The need of more durable material for the improved tissue valves was also discussed.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to report the effect of the Korean acupuncture treatment and Open Wet Dressing Therapy(OPWT) for pressure ulcer. From November 2015 to January 2020, 9 patients with 3rd or 4th graded pressure ulcer over 70 years of age who were admitted to a care hospital with underlying diseases such as cerebral infarction, brain hemorrhage, and Parkinson's disease were treated by acupuncture and OPWT. Photographs of lesions were used to evaluate the changes in condition of pressure ulcer. Acupuncture was performed 4 times a week along the border between the normal epidermal region and the pressure ulcer granulation tissue in contact with the pressure ulcer interface. OPWT to create a wet environment for wounds by washing the wounds 1-2 times a day with normal saline solution and covering them with food wrap was combined. In addition, for objective treatment progress evaluation, size, stage and condition of pressure ulcer were regularly monitored using the classification method of The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) according to the condition and depth of the damaged tissue and The Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing(PUSH tool 3.0). After acupuncture treatment and OPWT, the pressure ulcer of patients was cured in as short as 66 days and as long as 274 days (average 170 days). This study shows that acupuncture treatment and OPWT were effective to treat pressure ulcer.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권5호
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• pp.521-530
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• 2024

Objective : Dexpanthenol (DXP), which has known neuroprotective effects, has been shown to be beneficial in various experimental models and ischaemic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of DXP in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Methods : Thirty-six Wistar-Albino female rats, approximately 6 months old, weighing 220-285 g were used. All rats were subjected to closed head trauma by dropping a weight of 350 g on the parietal region from a height of 50 cm at an angle of 180 degrees in the prepared head trauma model setup. The rats were divided into four groups as control (group 1), trauma (group 2), trauma + DXP (group 3), and DXP (group 4). In group 3, DXP was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 500 mg/kg for six times at 30 minutes, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. In group 4, DXP was administered intraperitoneally simultaneously with group 3 without causing head trauma. Blood samples were taken from all rats 72 hours later for biochemical examination. After blood samples were taken, rats were decapitated under general anaesthesia. Cerebral tissue samples were taken from decapitated rats for immunohistochemical and histopathological examination. Results : Cytokine markers were found to be increased in posttraumatic brain tissue. Malondialdehyde and glutathione reductase levels were lower in group 3 compared to group 2. In addition, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase levels were significantly higher in group 3 compared to group 2. In histological evaluation, congestion in the piamater layer, cell infiltration, vascular congestion, hemorrhage and neuronal degeneration were significantly decreased in group 3 compared to group 2. DXP seems to be beneficial in neurological recovery in terms of histological and oxidative changes after head trauma in rats. Conclusion : DXP should be further evaluated for its possible therapeutic effect in TBI.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2016

Objectives : $18{\beta}$-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18betaGA) is an metabolite of glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza (licorice). The present study investigated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effect of 18betaGA on the brain tissue of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Methods : 18betaGA was administered orally with low (30 mg/kg) and high (100 mg/kg) doses for 3 days prior to LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA were measured in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 h after the LPS injection. Histological changes of Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) neurons, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting method. Results : 18betaGA significantly attenuated the up-regulation of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 mRNA, and COX-2 mRNA expression in the brain tissues induced by the LPS injection. 18betaGA also significantly attenuated the reductions of the thickness of CA1 and the number of CA1 neurons. The up-regulation of Bax protein expression in the hippocampal tissue by the LPS injection was significantly attenuated, while the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression was increased by 18betaGA treatment. 18betaGA also significantly attenuated the up-regulation of Bax and caspase-3 expression in the CA1 of the hippocampus. Conclusion : This results indicate that 18betaGA has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effect under neuroinflammation induced by the LPS injection and suggest that 18betaGA may be a beneficial drug for various brain diseases accompanied with the brain tissue inflammation.