• 대한수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 1980

From November 1978 to April 1979, there occurred among cows many cases of abortion, premature birth, stillbirth and congenital arthrogryposis or hydranencephaly in Kyongki-do province in Korea. Epizootics recurred between February and May, 1980 in the same area. Six calves born at 8 or 10 months of gestation were examined by means of pathology and one of the calves was examined by serological test. And a survey on local occurrence of the disease in other than Kyongki-do province, was conducted. 1. At necropsy, some calves showed distinct lesions such deformities of the limbs and the vertebrae as arthrogryposis or scoliosis. Other calves revealed arthrogryposis and partial or total deficience of the cerebral hemispheres with hydranencephaly. 2. In the calves with deformities the skeletal muscle showed histologically severe hypoplasia of the muscle fibers with cellular infiltration. In the central nervous system of the calves with hydranencephaly there were minute cystic cavitation and the decrease of ventral horn cells of the spinal cord in the number. 3. Similar epizootics were also observed in the same season in the other several provinces such as Chungoheongnam-do, Kangwon-do and Jeonrabuk-do. 4. Anti-Akabane virus antibody was detected in precolostral blood from the calf with arthroglposis and hydranencephaly syndrome. 5. On these findings of the disease it was diagnosed as Akabane disease presenting the first report on the epizootics in Korea.

• 대한신경과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.302-309
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• 2018

Background: Although orthostatic hypotension (OH) and cognitive impairment (CI) are common non- motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), the relationship between OH and CI remains to be clarified. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between OH and CI in PD. Methods: We recruited 192 patients who were diagnosed as PD based on the UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. The Hoehn & Yahr stages were ranged I to III and patients underwent extensive clinical evaluation, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH), tilt table test, the Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessments and the Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination in one month from the first clinic visit. The participants were divided into two groups according to the presence of OH (OH+ vs. OH-) and cognitive function (cognitive normal, CN vs. CI), respectively. Results: Significant relationship between OH and cognitive function (p=0.04) was found in our patients. The patients with OH+ had higher risk of CI by 2.6 times than that of OH- patients. Maximum heart rate change during tilt table test was correlated with cognitive function and white matter changes, whereas blood pressure change during tilt table test showed no correlation with those parameters. Conclusions: There was significant relationship between OH and CI in PD. Therefore, PD patients with either symptom may need periodic evaluation and proper management for OH and cognitive functions.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.463-467
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• 2008

Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is a sporadic, idiopathic, non suppurative inflammatory disease of the canine central nervous system. GME appears to have a worldwide distribution and to occur mostly in young to middle-age dogs of small breeds. A 6-year-old female mixed dog with wry neck, ataxia and rolling was submitted to the Cheju National University for diagnosis. Grossly, in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid was mildly increased and dilatation of the subarachnoid blood vessels was observed. Histopathologically, the lesions were characterized by perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, various numbers of macrophages and plasma cells in the brainstem and cerebral white matter. Numerous granuloma composed of lymphocytes and histiocytes were scattered throughout the brainstem. Two malacic foci characterized by axonal swelling and gitter cell infiltration with hemorrhage were noted in the medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Special stains failed to demonstrate any infectious agents. Immunohistochemically, the infiltrated cells demonstrated strong positive reactions for CD3, a marker for T lymphocytes origin. Based on the clinical signs, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry, this case was diagnosed as GME in a mixed dog.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.622-626
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• 2001

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis(ADEM) is an uncommon immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorder that typically affects the white matter of the central nervous system. Radiologic findings of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis are not pathognomomic. The differential diagnosis is always difficult. Occasionally, the clinical features, radiological and histopathological findings of patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis mimic the brain tumor or other space occupying lesions. The authors report a 6-year-old girl who presented with right hemiparesis two days after nausea and vomiting. Brain MRI of the patient revealed non-enhanced multiple cystic lesions in subcortical white matter of both cerebral hemisphere with prominent edema. One of the cystic lesions was resected to differentiate with metastatic tumor or inflammatory disease such as abscess and confirmed as the acute disseminated encephalomyelitis via various immunohistochemical stains. Pertinent literature is reviewed with discussion on this uncommon ADEM associated with multiple cystic lesions.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others'. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one's choice by free will.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2014

The use of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the perinatal period is suspected of being associated with adverse effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants. Repeated administration of antenatal GCs to mothers at risk of preterm birth may adversely affect fetal growth and head circumference. Fetal exposure to excess GCs during critical periods of brain development may profoundly modify the limbic system (primarily the hippocampus), resulting in long-term effects on cognition, behavior, memory, co-ordination of the autonomic nervous system, and regulation of the endocrine system later in adult life. Postnatal GC treatment for chronic lung disease in premature infants, particularly involving the use of dexamethasone, has been shown to induce neurodevelopmental impairment and increases the risk of cerebral palsy. In contrast to studies involving postnatal dexamethasone, long-term follow-up studies for hydrocortisone therapy have not revealed adverse effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. In experimental studies on animals, GCs has been shown to impair neurogenesis, and induce neuronal apoptosis in the immature brains of newborn animals. A recent study has demonstrated that dexamethasone-induced hypomyelination may result from the apoptotic degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the immature brain. Thus, based on clinical and experimental studies, there is enough evidence to advice caution regarding the use of GCs in the perinatal period; and moreover, the potential long-term effects of GCs on brain development need to be determined.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 1994

The impact of cardiovascular changes occurred by endotracheal intubation is risky for patients with ischemic heart disease, or intracranial pathologic conditions typically impairing cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms. Therefore, multiple approaches have been utilized to limit the impact of intubation and reduce damage of central nervous and cardiovascular systems. These approaches include modifications in intubation technique to diminish circulatory stimuli and pharmacologic modifications of either the sensory afferent path or the circulatory response itself. We tried the stellate ganglion block, a kind of sympathetic block, for the same purpose and evaluated the results. The results of study are as follows, 1) Blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after intubation as compared with preintubation in both control group and SGB group. 2) The difference of the two groups is not found. We conclude the above method does not control cardiovascular consequences of endotracheal intubation.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2005

목적 : X 염색체 연관 부신백질이영양증은 과산화소체의 지방산 대사 장애로 인하여 포화 장쇄 지방산이 신경계의 수초와 부신 피질에 축적되어 여러 가지 신경학적 증상과 부신 기능 저하를 나타내는 드문 유전 질환이다. 증상의 발현 시기와 임상 경과에 따라 소아 대뇌형, 성인부신척수신경병형 등 여러 가지 형태로 나누어 지며 예후도 달라진다. 대상 및 방법 : 1996년 1월부터 2003년 6월까지 광주기독병원 소아과와 전남대병원 소아과에서 부신백질이영양증으로 진단받은 6명과 타병원에서 진단받고 골수 이식을 위해 내원한 7명, 총 13명의 남아들을 최소 1년 이상 추적 관찰하여 임상 경과를 분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 첫 신경학적 증상은 행동 장애, 청력 저하, 보행 장애, 시력 저하 및 사시 순이었고, 10명에서 ALD 가족력이 있었다. 2. 신경학적 증상의 발현시기, 증상의 진행 정도에 따라 분류하였을 때, 소아 대뇌형이 10명, 청소년 대뇌형이 2명, 신경학적 증상과 MRI 병변은 없이 부신 기능의 저하만 있는 "Addison-only"가 1명이었다. 1) 소아 대뇌형의 경우 8명이 사망하였는데 첫 증상 발현 시기는 평균 7.02세, 자연 경과로 첫 증상으로부터 식물 인간 상태에 이르는 기간은 1.35년, 사망에 이르는 기간은 3.35년으로 빠르게 진행하였다. Lorenzo oil을 투여하였던 2명에서 증상은 진행하였고, 제대혈 이식을 시행했던 2례는 질환의 진행과 이식편 대 숙주반응에 의해 사망하였다. 2) 청소년 대뇌형의 첫 증상 발현시기는 11.5세로, 2명 모두 현재 19세, 26세로 생존해 있으나, 1례는 식물 인간 상태이다. 3) "Addison only" 1례는 Lorenzo oil과 steroid를 투여하면서 3년째 증상 없이 지내고 있다. 3. 뇌 MRI에서 양측 두정엽과 후두엽의 백질을 침범한 형태가 대부분(11명)이었고, 청소년대뇌형 1명에서만 내포, 대뇌각과 뇌교를 침범하였다. 4. 진단 당시 부신 기능 저하가 67%에서 있었으며, ACTH만 상승된 형태였다. 결론 : 소아기에 발현한 부신백질이영양증의 경우, 두정엽과 후두엽 백질을 침범한 소아 대뇌형이 대부분이었고, 첫 증상 이후 빠르게 진행하여 사망에 이르는 치명적인 경과를 보였다. 따라서 가족력이 있는 경우, 많은 구성원에서 장쇄지방산 검사를 시행하여 조기에 무증상 환자를 진단하고 적극적으로 대처하는 것이 중요하리라 생각된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-168
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the new effective oriential medicine tretments in pediatric disease and its clinical applicability The study was composed of 1245 new patients who had been treated at the all unit in the Dong-Seo oriential Medicine Hospitial for 1 year, from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000, and aged between 0 and 18 years. The chief complaint was mainly categorized by oral examination on patients and their care-givers. Result 1. The numbers of children who involved in this study is total 1245: Male children are 668 and female children are 577 children. The sex rate between male and female is 1.15 to 1. 2. Most of the above patients came to the hospital at first time from diseases such as musculoskelectal disease, weakness, asthma, cough, anorexia, common cold, rhiorrhea, sweating, dyspepsia, dematitis, night terror, obesity, stomach, short stature, Besides, they also came to the hospital at first time from various diseases such as epistasxis, pyrexia. Bell's palsy, nocturia, contipation, cerebral palsy, disorder, CVA. diarrhea. stress disease, Allergic disease, Tic disorder. Visual disorder, Kawasaki disease, Pierre Robin's syndrom, hematuria, edema and so on. 3. Looking at the frequent diseases, Respiratory dis. children including asthma, cough, rhiorrhea, sweating, common cold, pyrexia covers 36%, in 399 numbers. digestive dis. children including anorexia, dyspepsia, stomach, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion covers 19%, in 211 numbers. cadiovasculary disease children including arrthymia, terror in frequency, night crying, sediation, Tic disorder covers 8%, in 85 numbers. Hepatobiliary disease children including short stature, dizziness, visual difficulty, sprain, disorder of nail covers 21%, in 238 numbers. renal disease. children including nocturia, hematuria, hemation, disorder of hair, menorrhea, cerebral palsy, edema in 44 numbers. Fatigue children covers 13%. in 143 numbers. 4. In case of respatory disease children. total number is 399 children. dematitis children are 108 numbers and asthma children are 96 numbers. These show that children seem to the best have dematitis and asththma. The age from 0 to 6 is 290 numbers, covering 73 percentage. The others are covering 27 percentage. These data demonstrate that the age from 0 to 6 age could easily get these kinds - of diseases. The 29 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring. The 28 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in autumn. These show that children seem to frequently have these kinds of diseases in both spring and autumn season.(inter-season) 5. In case of digestive disease, anorexia covers 39%, in 83 numbers, dyspepsia covers 28%, in 59 numbers, anorexia and dyspepsia were the lagest group in digestive disease and the age from 0 to 6 covers 59%, in 125 numbers and the other age covers 39%. According to these data, infant seems to be vulnerable to these kinds of diseases. The 24 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring and summer. The 33 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in winter, which means that children mostly had winter. but decreased significant in autumn. 6. In case of cadiovasculary diseases, it can be divided into two categories: night covers 73% and nervous characteristics covers 27%. The age from 0 to 6 occupies 75%, and the other age occupies 25%. These data also show that infants can easily infected with these kinds of diseases. Analyzing by the season, summer could be the most frequent season that children have these kinds of diseases. but decreased in autumn. 7. In case of hepatobiliary children, sprains covers 166 numbers, fatigue covers 32 numbers, epistasxia covers 24 members, the reasion which sprain occupyied most of % were sprain covered ages. The age from 0 to 14 covers 59% and from 15 to 18 covers 41%. In the conclusion the adolescent seems to be vulnerable to sprains. In spring 29%, insummer 31%, in autumn 23%, and in winter 28% of children got these kinds of diseases, which show that children seems to have this kinds of disease in summer season. and decreased in autumn. 8. In case of renal disease. nocturia and hematuria covers 52%(occupied overhalf). The age from 0 to 6 covers 52%(occupied overhalf). Analyzing by season, in spring increased in summer(59%), decreased in autumn(45%) Conclusion 1. The chief complant in pediatric diseases that needed an oriental medical tretment was mainly the disease that tends to take iong time and the weakness. and appeared frequency in respiratory disease : 2. The oriential medical tretment was still preferred as a way to improve the weakness by patients, rather than a way to overcome their disease. In paticular, the study shows that the oriental medical tretment should be emphasized in terms of preventing the disease 3, The new disease, which were developed with the change of human life and envir oment(just like seual disorder, short stature, obesity, dynamic disorder, examinee disease), should be in vestigated as a new field of oriental medical tretment.

• 동의생리학회지
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• 제14권2호통권20호
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• pp.199-208
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• 1999

As the average life span have been lengthened and the rate of senile population have been raised, chronic degenerative diseases incident to aging has been increased rapidly and become a social problem. With this social background, recently, the facts that oxygen radicals(OR) have toxic effects on Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System and cause neuropathy such as Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer Disease have been turned out, and accordingly lots of studies on the mechanism of the toxic effects of OR on nerves, the diseases caused by OR and the approaches to curing the diseases have been made. The purpose of this study is to examine the toxic effects caused by Glucose Oxidase(GO) and the effects of herbal extracts such as Chilbokyeum(CBY) on the treatment of the toxic effects. For this purpose, experiments with the cultured cell from the cerebrums of new born mice were done. The results of these experiments were as follows. 1. GO, a oxygen radical, decreased the survival rate of the cultured cells on NR assay and MTT assay 2. GO, a oxygen radical, increased lipid peroxidation and the amount of LDH. 3. CBY have efficacy of decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. CBY have efficacy of decreasing the amount of LOH. From the above results, It is concluded that Chilbokyeum has marked efficacy as a treatment for the damages caused in the GO-mediated oxidative process. And Chilbokyeum is thought to have certain pharmacological effects on controlling over aging and treating Dementia. Further clinical study of this pharmacological effects of Chilbokyeum should be complemented.