• Title/Summary/Keyword: center gap

Search Result 1,261, Processing Time 0.03 seconds

A Study on Developing Customized Bolus using 3D Printers (3D 프린터를 이용한 Customized Bolus 제작에 관한 연구)

  • Jung, Sang Min;Yang, Jin Ho;Lee, Seung Hyun;Kim, Jin Uk;Yeom, Du Seok
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
    • /
    • v.27 no.1
    • /
    • pp.61-71
    • /
    • 2015
  • Purpose : 3D Printers are used to create three-dimensional models based on blueprints. Based on this characteristic, it is feasible to develop a bolus that can minimize the air gap between skin and bolus in radiotherapy. This study aims to compare and analyze air gap and target dose at the branded 1 cm bolus with the developed customized bolus using 3D printers. Materials and Methods : RANDO phantom with a protruded tumor was used to procure images using CT simulator. CT DICOM file was transferred into the STL file, equivalent to 3D printers. Using this, customized bolus molding box (maintaining the 1 cm width) was created by processing 3D printers, and paraffin was melted to develop the customized bolus. The air gap of customized bolus and the branded 1 cm bolus was checked, and the differences in air gap was used to compare $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$ and $V_{95%}$ in treatment plan through Eclipse. Results : Customized bolus production period took about 3 days. The total volume of air gap was average $3.9cm^3$ at the customized bolus. And it was average $29.6cm^3$ at the branded 1 cm bolus. The customized bolus developed by the 3D printer was more useful in minimizing the air gap than the branded 1 cm bolus. In the 6 MV photon, at the customized bolus, $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$ of GTV were 102.8%, 88.1%, 99.1%, 95.0%, 94.4% and the $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$ of branded 1cm bolus were 101.4%, 92.0%, 98.2%, 95.2%, 95.7%, respectively. In the proton, at the customized bolus, $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$ of GTV were 104.1%, 84.0%, 101.2%, 95.1%, 99.8% and the $D_{max}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{mean}$, $D_{95%}$, $V_{95%}$ of branded 1cm bolus were 104.8%, 87.9%, 101.5%, 94.9%, 99.9%, respectively. Thus, in treatment plan, there was no significant difference between the customized bolus and 1 cm bolus. However, the normal tissue nearby the GTV showed relatively lower radiation dose. Conclusion : The customized bolus developed by 3D printers was effective in minimizing the air gap, especially when it is used against the treatment area with irregular surface. However, the air gap between branded bolus and skin was not enough to cause a change in target dose. On the other hand, in the chest wall could confirm that dose decrease for small the air gap. Customized bolus production period took about 3 days and the development cost was quite expensive. Therefore, the commercialization of customized bolus developed by 3D printers requires low-cost 3D printer materials, adequate for the use of bolus.

  • PDF

Cell Gap Dependent Electrode-Optic Characteristics of Fringe-Field Switching Mode using a Liquid Crystal with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy (유전율 이방성의 음인 액정을 이용한 Fringe-Field Switching mode의 cell gap 변화에 따른 전기광학 특성)

  • 정송희;김향율;이종문;이승희
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
    • /
    • v.16 no.10
    • /
    • pp.914-922
    • /
    • 2003
  • The FFS (fringe-field switching) mode was known to exhibit both a wide viewing angle and high transmittance, especially when using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy. We have studied cell gap-dependent electrode-optic characteristics of the FFS mode using the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy. In case of a small cell gap of 2 ${\mu}$m, the transmittance at the center of pixel and common electrodes is relatively low because effect of surface anchoring that holds the LC to the initial state is larger than that in a large cell gap of 4 .urn such that the LCs in those regions cannot rotate enough. However, in case of a large cell gap of 4 .urn, the effect of surface anchoring becomes relatively small so that the LCs at the center of pixel and common electrode can be twisted enough by applied voltage, giving rise to high transmittance. Therefore, we can conclude that the light efficiency is dependent on the cell gap.

Single Mode Transflective Liquid Crystal Display based on Single Cell Gap without Sub-pixel Separation

  • Du, Tao;Mak, Hin Yu;Xu, Peizhi;Chigrinov, Vladimir;Kwok, Hoi Sing
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 2008.10a
    • /
    • pp.284-287
    • /
    • 2008
  • In this paper, a new Twisted Nematic (TN) transflective liquid crystal display configuration with single cell gap for both transmissive and reflective mode and without sub-pixel separation is proposed. The Transmittance vs. Voltage Curve (TVC) and Reflectance vs. Voltage Curve (RVC) are matched.

  • PDF

Effect of notch location on the toughness of narrow gap weldment (노치위치에 따른 Narrow Gap 용접부의 인성변화)

  • 김희진;신민태;원정규
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
    • /
    • v.4 no.1
    • /
    • pp.40-46
    • /
    • 1986
  • This investigation studied the toughness variations in the narrow gap weldment with the notch location. Specimens with the notch at the center of the weld metal showed the lowest toughness. As the location of notchmoves to fusion line, the impact properties improve reaching a maximum at the fusion boundaries. This improvement in toughness can be explained by the microstructural feature showing in the narrow gap weldment. "one pass/layer" technique performed in narrow gap welding results in the increased proportion of refined structure as approaching to fusion boundary from weld center and thus leave 100% refined structure along the fusion boundary. HAZ also shows 100% refined structure with respect to base metal structure accompanied with the significant suppression of ductile-brittle transition temperature.mperature.

  • PDF

Cell Gap Dependent Transmission Characteristic of the Fringe-Field Switching Mode in a LC with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy

  • Kim, H.Y.;Kim, J.M.;Song, S.H.;Lee, S.K.;Lim, Y.J.;Jung, S.H.;Lee, S.H.
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 2003.07a
    • /
    • pp.539-542
    • /
    • 2003
  • We have studied cell gap-dependent electrode-optic characteristics of the FFS mode using the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy. In case of a small cell gap of 2 ${\mu}m$, the transmittance at the center of pixel and common electrodes is low due to stronger influence of surface anchoring that holds the LC to the initial state than twisting force induced by neighboring LCs. In case of a large cell gap of 4 ${\mu}m$, the influence of surface anchoring force becomes weak so that the LCs at the center of pixel and common electrode can be twisted enough by applied voltage, giving rise to high transmittance. Therefore, we conclude that the light efficiency in the device is dependent on the cell gap.

  • PDF

The Combined Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extracts and Aspirin on Viability of SK-N-MC, Neuroblastoma Cell Line in Hypoxia and Reperfusion Condition

  • Moon, Sung-Hwan;Lee, Yong-Jik;Park, Soo-Yong;Song, Kwan-Young;Kong, Min-Ho;Kim, Jung-Hee
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
    • /
    • v.49 no.1
    • /
    • pp.13-19
    • /
    • 2011
  • Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolide A and B and aspirin on SK-N-MC, human neuroblastoma cell viability and mRNA expression of growth associated protein43 (GAP43), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2) and protein53 (p53) gene in hypoxia and reperfusion condition. Methods: SK-N-MC cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) media in $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The cells were cultured for 8 hours in non-glucose media and hypoxic condition and for 12 hours in normal media and $O_2$ concentration. Cell survival rate was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent assay. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate mRNA levels of GAP43, MAP2, Bcl2, and p53 genes. Results: The ginkgolide A and B increased viable cell number decreased in hypoxic and reperfused condition. The co-treatment of ginkgolide B with aspirin also increased the number of viable cells, however, there was no additive effect. Although there was no increase of mRNA expression of GAP43, MAP2, and Bcl2 in SK-N-MC cells with individual treatment of ginkgolide A, B or aspirin in hypoxic and reperfused condition, the co-treatment of ginkgolide A or B with aspirin significantly increased GAP43 and Bcl2 mRNA levels. In MAP2, only the co-treatment of ginkgolide A and aspirin showed increasing effect. The mRNA expression of p53 had no change in all treating conditions. Conclusion: This study suggests that the combined treatments of Ginkgo biloba extracts and aspirin increase the regeneration of neuroblastoma cells injured by hypoxia and reperfusion.

On-Line Vibration Monitoring Techniques for Synchronous Generators by Flux Measurement (자속측정에 의한 동기발전기의 운전중 진동 감시기법)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun;Hwang, Don-Ha;Chang, Ki-Chan;Kim, Yong-Joo;Kwon, Young-An;Song, Sang-Ock
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
    • /
    • 2002.07b
    • /
    • pp.952-954
    • /
    • 2002
  • The effort for measuring the rotor vibration caused by the short of rotor winding or air-gap eccentricity has been carried on. This paper introduces on-line vibration monitoring technologies using search coils to measure flux for synchronous generators. A 3,300/6,600 (V), 150 [kW] synchronous generator is built, and search coils are designed and inserted in the wedges. Furthermore, air-gap eccentricity is analyzed by finite element method and compared with experiment tests. Induced voltages caused by different air-gap eccentricity on the search coils are compared as well.

  • PDF

Electron Density and Electron Temperature in Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma

  • Tran, T.H.;Kim, J.H.;Seong, D.J.;Jeong, J.R.;You, S.J.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
    • /
    • 2012.08a
    • /
    • pp.152-152
    • /
    • 2012
  • In this work we measured electron temperature and electron density of a microplasma by optical emission spectroscopy. The plasma is generated from a small discharge gap of a microwave parallel stripline resonator (MPSR) in Helium at atmospheric pressure. The microwave power supplied for this plasma source from 0.5 to 5 watts at a frequency close to 800 MHz. The electron temperature and electron density were estimated through Collisional-radiative model combined with Corona-equilibrium model. The results show that the electron density and temperature of this plasma in the case small discharge gap width are higher than that in larger gap width. The diagnostic techniques and associated challenges will be presented and discussed.

  • PDF

Application of Conformal Mapping in Analysis the Parallel Stripline Resonator

  • Tran, T.H.;You, S.J.;Kim, J.H.;Seong, D.J.;Jeong, J.R.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
    • /
    • 2012.02a
    • /
    • pp.180-180
    • /
    • 2012
  • A microplasma system source based on microwave parallel stripline resonator (MPSR) was developed for the generation of microplasmas in a wide range of pressure from some torr to 760 torr. This source was operated at its resonance frequency that much depends upon not only its discharge gap size but also operated pressure. This paper applied a simple circuit model to analyze the effects of discharge gap size and pressure to resonance frequency and impedance of MPSR in the cases with and without plasma exist inside the discharge gap. In the process of calculating, the conformal mapping method was used to estimate the capacitance of the MPSR. The calculating results by using circuit model agree well with the simulation results that using commercial CST microwave studio software.

  • PDF