• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.242-246
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• 1995

This paper was carried out to investigate changes in cell wall, cell wall polysaccharides, pectic substances extracted from cell wall of persimmon fruits treated with polygalacturonase and $\beta$-galactosidase in vitro. Degrading degree of cell wall treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes were higher in order polygalacturonase, polygalacturonase+$\beta$-galactosidase and $\beta$-galactosidase. Contents of soluble pectic substances in cell wall treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes showed as the same order as degrading degree of cell wall, while contents of insoluble pectin lower. Contents of versene-soluble pectin and total pectic substance were not affected by cell wall-degrading enzymes. Contents of uronic acid and hexose in soluble material isolated from cell wall treated with polygalacturonase and mixed enzyme were higher than those of untreatment and $\beta$-galactosidase treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

The cell wall components of fruit include cellulose. hemicellulose, pectin, glycoprotein etc., and the cell wall composition differs according to the kind of fruit. Fruit softening occurs as a result of a change in the cell wall polysaccharides : the middle lamella which links primary cell walls is composed of pectin. and primary cell walls are decomposed by a solution of middle lamella caused due to a result of pectin degradation by pectin degrading enzymes during ripening and softening, During fruit ripening and softening, contents of arabinose and galactose among non-cellulosic neutral sugars are notably decreased, and this occurs as a result of the degradation of pectin during fruit repening and softening since they are side-chained with pectin in the form of arabinogalactan and galactan Enzymes involved in the degradation of the cell wall include polygalacturonase, cellulose, pectinmethylesterase, glycosidase, etc., and various studies have been done on the change in enzyme activities during the ripening and softning of fruit. Among cell wall-degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase has the greatest effect on fruit softening, and its activity Increases during the maturating and softening of fruit. This softening leads to the textural change of fruit as a result of the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by a cell wall degrading enzyme which exists in fruit.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.92-94
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• 2004

Changes in reducing sugar and cell wall degrading enzymes during ripening of banana for 10 days were investigated. The amount of reducing sugar in bananas increased during storage at room temperature during the first 7 days, and decreased thereafter. However, starch content in banana decreased during ripening, and invertase and cell wall degrading enzymes such as cellulase, polygalacturonase and xylanase were most active after bananas were stored for 7 days at room temperature. When the bananas were stored at 4$^{\circ}C$, the magnitude of changes were much less than during room temperature storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1633-1637
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• 2005

Five different plant cell wall degrading enzymes were tested for their ability to release p -hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) and cellulose fraction. Phenolics of AIR from cell wall materi민 (CWM) in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1,977 $\mu$g/g AIR) with minor contribution from vanillin (55.9 $\mu$g/g AIR), ferulic acid (13.6 $\mu$g/g AIR) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10.6 $\mu$g/g AIR). The contents of ferulic acid in Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10 and Sumyzyme MC were 2,319, 2,060, 391, 95.2, 34.1 $\mu$g/g, respectively. Incubation of Driselase with AIR released only 2.8$\%$ of the total 4 M NaOH extractable p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results indicate that commercial five plant cell wall dograding enzymes can not release P-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR and cellulose fraction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.573-581
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• 2009

The complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. The biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. This dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fungus by the synthesis of enzymes targeting all layers of the cell wall. When the enzymes secreted in the presence of plant cell wall were used to hydrolyze pretreated crude plant material, high levels of monosaccharides were measured with yields approaching 50% of total sugars released by an acid hydrolysis process. This report is the first biochemical characterization of numerous cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases secreted by F. graminearum and demonstrates the usefulness of the described protein cocktail for efficient enzymatic degradation of plant cell wall.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.214-221
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• 2011

Effects of the cell wall-degrading enzymes derived from Acremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma viride on the silage fermentation and in sacco degradation of tropical grasses i.e. rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Callide) and guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Natsukaze) were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. These two grasses were either treated with or without the enzymes before ensiling. Untreated rhodesgrass produced acetate fermentation silage (lactate, $13.0\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $38.7\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) with high final pH value and $NH_3$-N content (5.84 and $215\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Addition of enzymes significantly increased (p<0.01) the lactate production (lactate, 45.6; acetate, $34.0\;g\;kg-^{1}$ DM) and decreased (p<0.01) the pH and $NH_3$-N (4.80 and $154\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) in the ensiled forages when compared with the control silages. Untreated guineagrass was successfully preserved with a high lactate proportion (lactate, 45.5; acetate, $24.1\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM), and the addition of enzymes further enhanced the desirable fermentation (lactate, $57.5\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $19.4\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). The content of NDF was lowered (p<0.05) by enzymes in both silages, but the extent appeared greater in the enzyme-treated rhodesgrass (rhodesgrass, $48\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, $21\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Changes in the kinetics of in sacco degradation showed that enzyme treatment increased (p<0.01) the rapidly degradable DM (rhodesgrass, 299 vs. $362\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, 324 vs. $343\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) but did not influence the potential degradation, lag time and degradation rate of DM and NDF in the two silages.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 1995

This paper was carried out to investigate changes in chromatograms of polysacctatides and soluble pectins on Sephadex G-50 and non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides isolated from cell wall of persimmon fruits treated with polygalacturonase and $\beta$-galactosidase in vitro. The chromatogram pattern of soluble pectins extracted from cell wall treated with $\beta$-galactosidase on Sephacryl S-500 column were similar to those of untreatment, but contents of soluble pectins treated with $\beta$-galactosidase were different from those of untreatment. The patterns of chromatograms In soluble pectins extracted from cell wall treated with polygalacturonase were more complex and lower molecular polymer than those of other cell wall-degrading enzyme treatments. Non-cellulosic neutral sugar of polysaccharides in fraction I of soluble material treated with polygalacturonase was rhamnose, those in fraction II were similar to those in fraction III and contents of arabinose, xylose and glucose were higher than contents of other non-cellulosic neutral sugars. Non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides in fraction I in soluble material by $\beta$-galactosidase treatment were rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and mannose. Content of glucose of polysaccharides in fraction II was higher than that in fraction I . Non-cellulosic neutral sugars treated with mixed enzyme were rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose. Compositions of non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides in fraction I were similar to those in fraction II and III.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.545-549
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• 2001

The relationship between ethylene action and flesh softening in post-storage persimmon fruits was investigated by treating the fruits with 1-MCP. The patterns of firmness change caused by various treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene were similar to those of changes in cell wall-degrading enzyme activities, including cellulase, PG, PME, and ${\beta}$-galactosidase. Moreover, the activities of these enzymes were inhibited by 1-MCP treatment. These results show that the cell wall-degrading enzymes influenced by ethylene account for the flesh softening process of post-storage persimmon fruit. The ethylene production of fruits, as measured by ACC content and ACC oxidase activity, nevertheless, was not influenced by 1-MCP treatments. It is suggested that the flesh softening phenomena in post-storage persimmon fruits is correlated to the ethylene responsiveness of tissue rather than the ethylene production rate per se.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.102-114
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• 2022

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacterial pathogen which causes soft rot disease in potatoes as well as other vegetables worldwide. While Pectobacterium infection relies on the production of major cell wall degrading enzymes, other virulence factors and the mechanism of genetic adaptation of this pathogen is not yet clear. In the present study, we have performed an in-depth genome-wide characterization of Pcc strain ICMP5702 isolated from potato and compared it with other pathogenic bacteria from the Pectobacterium genus to identify key virulent determinants. The draft genome of Pcc ICMP5702 contains 4,774,457 bp with a G + C content of 51.90% and 4,520 open reading frames. Genome annotation revealed prominent genes encoding key virulence factors such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, flagella-based motility, phage proteins, cell membrane structures, and secretion systems. Whereas, a majority of determinants were conserved among the Pectobacterium strains, few notable genes encoding AvrE-family type III secretion system effectors, pectate lyase and metalloprotease in addition to the CRISPR-Cas based adaptive immune system were uniquely represented. Overall, the information generated through this study will contribute to decipher the mechanism of infection and adaptive immunity in Pcc.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.122-126
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• 2004

A digestion trial in vitro was conducted to study effects of supplementation of NSP (non-starch polysaccharides) degrading enzyme (feed grade) on cell wall degradation and digestibility of nutrients in barley. The slices of barley were soaked in distilled water with or without 0.15% non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. Microscopic examination of the slices showed that the endosperm cell wall of barley was completely degraded by the non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. The residues and supernatant of digesta in vitro were separated by filtration with 0.1 mm nylon fabric. The residues were used for measurement of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and moisture. The supernatant was used for determination of viscosity, as well as amino-nitrogen and glucose content. The results showed that compared with the control, the amino-nitrogen and glucose content of the supernatant increased by 17.58% (p<0.05) and 10.26% (p<0.05), respectively, while viscosity did not change. Enzyme supplementation increased the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fat and crude fiber of barley by 18.1% (p<0.05), 20.3% (p<0.05), 16.4% (p<0.05), 26.9% (p<0.05) and 30.0% (p<0.05), respectively. The present study suggests that cell wall hydrolysis may contribute to improved nutrient digestion in vivo when non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes are fed to swine.