• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.353-363
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal and nasal absorption enhancement of cefotaxime (CTX) by ion-pairing with counterions and to design an effective oral and intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. Counterions for absorption promotion were cationic surfactants [cetylpyridinium chloride (CP), cetrimide (CT) and benzalkonium chloride (BA)]. In the presence of counterions, the apparent partition coefficient of cefotaxime was increased depending on the molar concentration of the counterions. Anion interference was observed for ion-pairing of cefotaxime with counterions because of the counterbalance between an anion and counterions. The present study employed the in situ simultaneous nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of cefotaxime were $1.43{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the nasal cavity and 0 in the jejunum, respectively, which indicated that the intrinsic absorptivity of cefotaxime was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When ionupairing formers were used, the decreasing order of apparent cefotaxime permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was as followings: $BA\;(7.50{\pm}0.36)\;>\;CT\;(4.92{\pm}0.24)\;>\;CP\;(3.01{\pm}0.17)$ in the jejunum and $BA\;(22.31{\pm}1.36)\;>\;CP\;(18.24{\pm}0.81)\;>\;CT \;(16.22{\pm}1.87)$ in the nasal cavity. The increase in permeability of cefotaxime was about 13-fold in the rat nasal cavity and was marked in the rat jejunum for ion-pairing with counterions as compared to those without ion-pairing. The damages of jejunal and nasal mucosal membrane by counterions were observed within approximately 2hrs after removal of ion-pair of cefotaxime with counterions from the nasal cavity and jejunum. These results suggest that CP can be used as an ion-pairing former in the jejunum and CP and CT can be used as ion-pairing formers in the nasal cavity for cefotaxime, as well as for poorly absorbed drugs with a negative charge due to ionization.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.409-412
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• 2019

본 실험은 칼라 'Gagsi' 품종의 줄기를 절편체로 사용하여 칼라의 대량증식 시스템을 확립하고자 진행이 되었다. 실험은 cefotaxime 항생제 (25, 50, 100 mg/L)가 포함된 Murashige와 Skoog (MS) 기본 배지를 사용하였다. 캘러스 유도는 MS 기본 배지에 NAA 0.5 mg/L, BA 1.0 mg/L 등의 식물 호르몬을 첨가한 배지가 사용되었다. 기본 MS 배지에 cefotaxime 25, 50, 100 mg/L 농도가 첨가 된 배지에서 비교한 결과 캘러스 유도율은 25 mg/L 농도에서 10.5 %가 나와 가장 효율이 높았고 갈변율은 10.5 %로 가장 낮았다. 캘러스 유도 배지인 MNB에 cefotaxime 25 mg/L을 첨가한 배지에서 캘러스 유도율은 34.5 %, 갈변율은 27.0 %가 나타났다. 항생제인 cefotaxime은 이전에 식물 조직 배양 실험에서도 사용되었고, 실험 결과 칼라 식물 생장을 촉진시키는 효과와 오염 및 갈변을 억제하는 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 것을 입증하였다. 이를 토대로 대량 증식 시스템 개발에 기여를 할 수 있고 농가 소득 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2021

Objectives: Cefotaxime is an antibiotic used to treat several bacterial infections. Specifically, it is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. It is given by injection into either a vein or muscle. Antibacterial polymers prepared by chemical bonding and simple blending of antibacterials into polymers has attracted much interest because of their long-lasting antibacterial activity. This study attempted to review the possibility of hydrogel films as functional antibacterial materials by antimicrobial activity. Methods: In this study, CTX-PAA was synthesized by the chemical reaction of polyacrylic acid with cefotaxime by N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) method. Synthetic antibacterial hydrogel films were then prepared with PVA and CTX-PAA for functional application. Results: The increase in the cefotaxime content of the hydrogel films showed a similar decrease in tensile strength and elongation. The values of films impregnated with chemically bonded cefotaxime showed no significant difference. Antibacterial susceptibility was determined against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli using a standardized disc test. Conclusion: The synthetic antibacterial hydrogel films exhibited broad susceptibility against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Notably, the antibacterial effect of antibacterial hydrogel films against Grampositive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) was superior to that against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.473-481
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• 2002

목 적 : 담도 폐쇄증 환아에 있어 Kasai 수술 후에 가장 흔한 합병증은 상행성 담관염이며 이는 예후에 많은 영향을 주므로 신속한 진단 및 치료가 중요하다. 상행성 담관염으로 입원하면 균이 동정되기 전 경험적 항생제를 먼저 사용하게 되는데 본 연구에서는 경험적 항생제로 cefotaxime을 사용했던 환아들의 치료에 대한 효과를 평가하여 cefotaxime의 경험적 치료로서의 적정성 여부와 상행성 담관염 환아에서의 적절한 항생제 사용의 지침을 제시하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1991년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 서울대학교 소아병원에서 Kasai 수술 후 발생하고 경험적 치료로 cefotaxime을 사용한 상행성 담관염이 39례였고 이를 cefotaxime과 amikacin을 병합하여 사용한 군(CA군, 24례), cefotaxime과 gentamicin을 사용한 군(CG군, 7례), 그리고 cefotaxime을 단독으로 사용한 군(C군, 8례) 세 군으로 나누었다. 상행성 담관염은 발열과 황달의 악화 또는 회색변으로 정의하였고 치료의 효과는 세 군에 있어 치료 시작 72, 120, 168시간 후 $38^{\circ}C$ 미만으로 해열되는 것으로 평가하였다. 그리고 치료에 영향을 주는 요인을 알고자 발생 연도, 발생 빈도, 발생 시기, 원인균, 혈청 총빌리루빈 등의 요인에 대해 치료 효과의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 항생제 치료 72시간 내에 CA군 24례 중 13례(54%)에서 해열이 되었고, CG군 7례 중 3례(43%), 그리고 C군 8례 중 4례(50%)에서 해열되었다. 세 군간 치료의 효과는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 치료 후 120, 168시간 치료 효과의 평가에서도 세 군간 통계적으로 차이가 없었으며, 전체적으로 120시간에는 39례 중 27례(69%)에서, 168시간 후에는 39례 중 31례(79%)에서 해열이 되었다. 그리고, 2주 이내에 39례 중 32례(82%)에서 해열이 되었다. 항생제를 변경하거나 추가한 경우는 모두 7례였고 2주 내에 모두 해열되었다. 그리고, 항생제 치료 시작 후부터 해열될 때까지의 평균 기간은 $4{\pm}$3일(1-12일)이었다. 상행성 담관염의 원인균은 혈액 배양에서 12례 동정 되었으며, 감수성 검사상 cefotaxime에 대해 enterococcus 2례에서만 내성이 있었고 나머지 균들은 감수성이 있었다. 그리고, 항생제 치료에 영향을 주는 요인으로 균의 종류, 상행성 담관염 발생 시기, 담즙 정체의 정도 등이 있었다. 결 론 : Kasai 수술 후의 상행성 담관염에서 cefotaxime이 경험적 항생제로서 적절하였으며 항생제를 시작한 후 3-5일 정도 열이 지속되더라도 환아의 상태가 양호하면 항생제를 변경하지 않고 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1426-1433
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• 2007

우리는 ESBL 유전자를 포함하는 세균의 항생제 내성 패턴을 조사하기 위해서 부산에 있는 임상실험실로부터 Klebsiella pneumoniae 한 균주를 수집하였다. 그 세균은 이중 디스크 확산법에 의해 ESBL을 생성하는 Klebsiella pneumoniae라는 것이 밝혀졌고 PCR과 DNA 염기서열분석을 통하여 세 가지의 ESBL gene (TEM-1, SHV-12, CTX-M-15)이 포함되어 있다는 것이 확인되었다. 그리고 그 세 가지 유전자의 특징을 알아내기 위해서 우리는 이 균주로부터 교차접합시험, 형질전환시험, 클로닝(SHV-12 gene)등을 이용하여 재조합균주를 배양하였다. 이렇게 각기 재조합된 균주들을 한천평판희석법을 이용하여 3세대 cephalosporin 항생제 (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone)에 대한 최소억제농도의 측정하고 비교 분석하였다. Klebsiella pneumoniae (NO. 60031)의 MIC는 ceftazidime ($30\;{\mu}g/ml)$, cefotaxime ($30\;{\mu}g/ml$), ceftriaxone ($30\;{\mu}g/ml$)이 각각 ${\geq}256\;{\mu}g/ml,\;128\;{\mu}g/ml,\;128\;{\mu}g/ml$이었고, E. coli $RG176^{Na(r)}$에 교차접합 시킨 conjugant 균주의 MIC는 ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone이 각각 ${\geq}256\;{\mu}g/ml,\;64\;{\mu}g/ml,\;128\;{\mu}g/ml$이었다. E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$에 형질전환 시킨 transformant 균주의 MIC는 ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone이 각각 $128\;{\mu}g/ml,\;32\;{\mu}g/ml,\;32\;{\mu}g/ml$를 나타내었고, SHV-12 gene 만을 분리하여 E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$에 클로닝 시킨 균주는 ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone이 각각 $128\;{\mu}g/ml,\;8\;{\mu}g/ml,\;32\;{\mu}g/ml$을 나타내었다. 결국 conjugant 균주와 transformant 균주는 세 가지의 내성유전자를 가졌다는 공통점은 있으나 conjugant 균주의 MIC가 transformant 균주의 MIC보다 높게 나타나는 차이점을 보였다. 또한 SHV-12 gene 만을 분리하여 E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$에 클로닝 시킨 균주는 ceftazidime, ceftriaxone에 내성을 발현하였지만 cefotaxime에 대해서는 내성을 발현하지 않았다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.81-85
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• 1998

Three polymorphic modifications and two pseudopolymorphic modifications of cefotaxime sodium were obtained by crystallization from different organic solvents. The isolated crystal forms were characterized by UV spectrophotometry, DSC, TGA and X-ray crystallography. Crystal forms of cefotaxime sodium were also compared by dissolution rate. The dissolution rate of form 1 was the highest, followed by form 2, form 4, form 6, form 5 and form 3. Among these polymorphic modifications the dissolution rate of form 3 and form 5 was much slower than that of cefotaxime sodium on the market. All forms showed no change after 2-month storage test in the silica gel desiccator. But after the storage of 2-month at 95% relative humidity condition, all forms were deliquesced by hygroscopic property except form 1 that showed the highest dissolution rate. At 52% relative humidity condition, form 1, form 2 and form 6 had no evidence of phase transformation, but form 3, form 4 and form 5 were also deliquesced.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2006

Square wave voltammetric (SWV) and cyclic voltammetric (CV) behaviors of cefotaxime sodium and ceftriaxone sodium have been investigated in the potential range between -0.10 V and -1.30 V using the phosphate buffers of various pH values ($2.00{\sim}9.10$). Two main peaks observed were irreversible and protons were involved in their electrochemical reductions. The first peaks of these cephalosporin antibiotics are due to the reduction of the azomethine double bond in the methoxyimino group of the side chain at position 7. The second peaks of cefotaxime sodium and ceftriaxone sodium are related to the reductions of the ${\Delta}^3$ double bond and the dioxo moiety of the side chain at position 3, respectively. The calibration curve of cefotaxime sodium in the concentration range between $1.0{\times}10^{-7}M$ and $1.0{\times}10^{-5}M$ yielded the linearity with the correlation coefficient of 0.9998 when the first peak of the antibiotic in a phosphate buffer of pH 3.02 was measured at the conditions of frequency of 120 Hz and pulse height of 50 mV by SWV. The present fast, simple and accurate SWV assay method was applied to determine cefotaxime sodium in the commercial antibiotic powder of injection.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2009

Mature dry seeds of Korean cultivars, Daepungkong, Muhankong, Myeongjunamulkong, Somyeongkong, Sowonkong, Jinpumkong, and Pungsannamulkong were used. The influence of antibiotics on elimination of Agrobacterium growth and shoot regeneration was estimated with cotyledonary node. Cefotaxime and timentin at the concentration of 250 and 500 mg/l suppressed Agrobacterium, especially cefotaxime was an efficient antibiotic to suppress Agrobacterium in all cultivars. While carbenicillin and timentin at the concentration of 50 and 100 mg/l were not sufficient to control the development of Agrobacterium, respectively. Cefotaxime and timentin represented high shoot formation rates compared with carbenicillin. Carbenicillin at low concentrations did not effectively suppress Agrobacterium and also had no effect on shoot development. Cefotaxime at the concentration of 250 mg/l showed maximum frequency of shoot regeneration in cvs. Somyeongkong and Sowonkong. Furthermore, on medium containing cefotaxime, shoot was more quickly formed than the other antibiotics. The use of cefotaxime was very useful for elimination of Agrobacterium growth with cotyledonary node of Korean soybean cultivars.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2005

The salt resistance of antibacterial activity and synergistic effect with clinically used antibiotic agents are critical factors in developing effective peptide antibiotic drugs. For this reason, we investigated the resistance of antibacterial activity to antagonism induced by NaCl and $MgCl_2$ and the synergistic effect of P20 with cefotaxime. P20 is a 20-residue synthetic peptide derived from a cecropin A (CA)-melittin(ME) hybrid peptide. In this study, P20 was found to have potent antibacterial activity against clinically isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains without hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. The combination study revealed that P20 in combination with cefotaxime showed synergistic antibacterial activity in an energy-dependent manner. We also confirmed the synergism between P20 and cefotaxime by fluorescence-activated flow cytometric analysis by staining bacterial cells with propidium iodide (PI) and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol (BOX). This study suggests that P20 may be useful as a therapeutic antibiotic peptide with synergistic effect in combination with conventional antibiotic agents.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2014

In this study, 185 cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from different stages of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Daegu in Korea. Among them, 99.5% (184 isolates) originated from raw sewage and 0.5% (1 isolates) from the final effluent. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were high resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cephalothin, cefachlor and cefamandole (99.5~100%). About 93% of the cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli. The $bla_{TEM+CTX}$ gene was the most predominant of the ESBL genes (72.5%), followed by $bla_{CTX-M}$ (16.2%), $bla_{TEM}$ (8.7%), $bla_{TEM+CTX+SHV}$ (1.1%), $bla_{TEM+SHV}$, $bla_{TEM+OXA}$, and $bla_{TEM+CTX+SHV}$ (respectvely 0.5%). Class 1 and 2 integron were found in 49.7% and class 3 integron was not found. All of integron positive isolates were multiresistant (i.e. resistant to four or more antibiotics). Our findings showed WWTP is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria with resistance genes.