• 환경생물
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2014

해산규조류 Skeletonema cosatatum의 개체군성장률 (r)을 사용하여 중금속 3종(Cd, Cu, Zn)의 독성영향 평가를 수행하였다. S. costatum을 Cd (0, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00 ppm), Cu (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50 ppm) 그리고 Zn (0, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.00, 2.50, 5.00 ppm)에 노출하고 96 h 이후에 r 값을 도출하였다. 대조구(Cd, Cu 그리고 Zn을 포함하지 않은)에서 r은 0.05보다 높았으며 중금속 농도가 증가할수록 r은 감소하였다. 중금속에 의해 농도의존적으로 r이 감소되었고 Cd 농도 1.25, Cu 농도 1.25 그리고 Zn 농도 2.50 ppm 이상의 농도에서 명확한 감소를 나타냈다. 중금속의 독성영향은 Cu>Zn>Cd 순서이며, 이때 $EC_{50}$ 값은 각각 1.11, 2.13 그리고 6.84 ppm으로 나타났다. 중금속 3종(Cd, Cu 그리고 Zn)에 노출된 r의 최소영향농도는 각각 1.25, 1.00, 2.00 ppm으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로, 해양환경에서 S. costatum의 r은 Cd 농도가 1.25 ppm 이상, Cu 농도가 1.00 ppm 이상, Zn 농도가 2.00 ppm 이상인 경우에 독성영향을 받았다. 그러므로 S. costatum의 r은 해양환경에서 중금속 독성영향 평가를 위한 매우 유용한 방법으로 판단된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.421-433
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• 2021

Morchella is a genus of fungi with the ability to concentrate Cd both in the fruit-body and mycelium. However, the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to Cd stress in Morchella are unknown. Here, RNA-based transcriptomic sequencing was used to identify the genes and pathways involved in Cd tolerance in Morchella spongiola. 7444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by cultivating M. spongiola in media containing 0.15, 0.90, or 1.50 mg/L Cd²⁺. The DEGs were divided into six sub-clusters based on their global expression profiles. GO enrichment analysis indicated that numerous DEGs were associated with catalytic activity, cell cycle control, and the ribosome. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the main pathways under Cd stress were MAPK signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. In addition, several DEGs encoding ion transporters, enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants, and transcription factors were identified. Based on these results, a preliminary gene regulatory network was firstly proposed to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of Cd detoxification in M. spongiola. These results provide valuable insights into the Cd tolerance mechanism of M. spongiola and constitute a robust foundation for further studies on detoxification mechanisms in macrofungi that could potentially lead to the development of new and improved fungal bioremediation strategies.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2004

Arkshell clams, Scapharca broughtonii, are economically important edible bivalves and widely cultivated in the Southern coast of Korea. Recently, the production of S. broughtonii has been dramatically decreased and various reasons including chemical pollution were suspected to be related to the production declines. However, it remains unknown whether the chemical pollution levels of the surrounding environments were high enough for the biological and ecological disturbance for the population of S. broughtonii, because no systematic toxicological study using S. broughtonii has been conducted previously. In the present study, we exposed arkshell clams, S. broughtonii to various waterborne pollutants including heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Hg), ammonia and organotins (tributyltin and triphenyltin) to determine the effect concentrations of these pollutants for the survival of S. broughtonii for 20 days. The median lethal concentrations ($LC_50$) of S. broughtonii were 2.1 mg/l for Cd, 0.065 mg/l for Cu, 0.40 mg/l for Hg, 79.4 mg/l for total ammonia (1.9 mg/l for unionized ammonia), 0.5 ${\mu}$g/l for TBT, and 14${\mu}$g/l for TPhT. Lethal toxicity of the most pollutants increased with both exposure duration and concentration. The toxicity of TBT was greatest for S. broughtonii, followed by TPhT > Cu > Hg > Cd > ammonia. The sensitivities of S. broughtonii to heavy metals and TBT were comparable to those of other aquatic organisms, but they were relatively tolerable to ammonia. The environmental concentrations of the tested pollutants were compared with the effect concentrations of those for the survival of S. broughtonii to assess the potential risks of the pollutants in the field conditions.

• 환경생물
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2000

$Cd^2+$이 닭의장풀의 엽록소 함유량, 기공 크기, 수분퍼텐셜, 이온 수송에 대한 효과와 기관내의 카드뮴의 축적에 대하여 조사하였다. 3주간 성장한 닭의장풀을 Hoagland용액(${\pm}5mM Cd^2+$)에서 4일 동안 수경배양하였다. 카드뮴은 식물의 뿌리, 줄기 그리고 잎 등 모든 기관에 축적되었다. 뿌리로부터의 거리와 잎의 나이 등이 카드뮴 분포를 결정짓는 가장 중요한 요소였다. 대부분의 $Cd^2+$이 뿌리로부터 가장 인접한 성숙한 첫 번째 잎에 축적되었다. 잎에 $Cd^2+$의 축적은 여러 생리적인 대사의 활성에 감소를 가져왔다. 카드뮴 처리는 70%의 엽록소 함량 감소를 가져왔으며, 엽록소 a/b비도 2로 감소하였다. $Cd^2+$은 또한 20%의 수분퍼텐셜을 감소시켰다. 카드뮴 처리는 여러 광도(100-l,000$\mu$mol $Em^-2s^-1$)에서 광합성 활성을 약 60% 감소시켰으며 기공전도도도 비슷한 반응을 보였다. 따라서, $Cd^2+$이 닭의장풀의 전반적인 생리적 활성을 감소시키거나 차단하는 것으로 추측된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.252-265
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate effect of dietary fibers in rice and barley on glucose, lipid and cadmium (Cd) metabolism in the rat. Fifty-six male Spague-Dawley rats weighing 244.6$\pm$2.7g were blocked into eight groups according to body weight and raised for four weeks with diets containing 0 or 0.04%(w/w) CdCl2 and four different carbohydrate sources, starch, rice flour, barley flour and mixture of rice and barley flour(7 : 3, w/w). Total dietary fibers and $\beta$-glucan contents of barley were about three times higher than those of rice (10.75% vs. 3.94%, 3.11% vs. 1.06%, respectively). Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver and kidney weights were lower in Cd exposed groups, and barley group among Cd exposed animals showed highest weight gain, food efficiency ratio and organ weights. Fasting serum glucose levels were not significantly different among groups, Serum cholesterol level was lowest in Cd exposed barley group. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was higher in none-Cd exposed starch and barley groups, and HDL-cholesterol : total cholesterol ratios were higher in none-Cd rice and mixed flour groups than other groups. Liver total lipid and triglyceride levels were lowest in barley groups regardless of Cd administration. Fecal total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride excretions were high in barley and mixed flour groups. Liver Cd concentrations were low in Cd exposed barley and mixed flour groups. In Cd exposed barley group, fecal weight and Cd excretion were highest and Cd retention ratio was lowest among groups. Small intestine metallothionein(MT) concentration was highest in Cd exposed rice group, and kidney MT concentration was highest in Cd exposed barley group. In conclusion, cereals showed different effects on lipid and Cd metabolism that might be mediated by dietary fibers in cereals. Especially $\beta$-glucan-rich barley group showed greatest lipid and Cd lowering effects by increasing fecal lipids and Cd excretions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.361-376
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• 2002

본 연구는 카드뮴으로 유발된 생쥐 간중독에 대한 키토산올리고당의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 시도되었다. Mouse를 대상으로 카드뮴 (5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) 단독투여군(group Cd), 카드뮴과 키토산올리고당 (0.5% solution) 동시투여군 (group Cd+Chi)으로 구분한 후 간손상 억제효과를 알아보기 위해 간조직 중의 카드뮴 농도와 metallothionein 농도를 비교측정하였다. 또한 간조직의 형태학적 손상을 확인하기 위해 조직학적 관찰을 실시하였다. 간조직의 카드뮴 농도는 Cd군에 비해 Cd+Chi군에서 현저하게 낮게 나타났다. 간조직의 MT 농도는 Cd군이 Cd+Chi군에 비해서 낮게 나타났다. 전자현미경적 관찰 결과, Cd군에서 미토콘드리아는 심한 팽윤현상이 나타났으며, RER의 분절과 리보조옴 탈락이 관찰되었다. 그러나 Cd+Chi군에서는 전자밀도가 높은 다양한 형태의 미토콘드리아가 분포되어 있었으며, 리보조옴이 부착된 채로 전형적인 층판구조를 형성한 RER이 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 결과로, 키토산올리고당이 생쥐 간조직에 미치는 카드뮴의 독성을 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in biological process, however inadequate Zn status in general population have been recognized. To update the knowledge for Zn-cadmium (Cd) interaction, we studied the intestinal uptake and transport, and the expression of metal transporter proteins (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1 ; metal transporter protein 1, MTP1 ; zinc transporter 1, ZnTl ; metallothionein 1 , MT1) in duodenum after Cd exposure using Zn deficient animal model. Rats were led Zn deficient (ZnD, 0.5-1.0 mgZn/kg) or Zn supplemented (ZnS, 50mg Zn/kg) diet for 4 weeks, and followed single administration of $^{109}$ CdCl$_2$orally. The body Zn flatus and tissue Cd concentration were determined at 24 hrs after Cd administration. Total body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index (AI, %) were estimated based on the tissue Cd analyzed. DMT1, MTP1, ZnTl and MT1 mRNA were analyzed by using RT-PCR method. Feeding of Zn deficient diet for 4 weeks produced a reduced body weight gain and a depletion of body Zn. Tissue Cd concentration, body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index were higher in the ZnD diet fed rats than the ZnS diet red rats. Especially, Cd concentration in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and the colon of FeD diet fed rats were higher markedly than in the FeS diet group. The expression levels of DMT1, MTP1 and ZnT1 mRNA in FeD diet fed rats were similar to the FeS diet. The level of MT1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the FeD than the FeS diet fed rats. Taken together, theses results indicate that Zn deficiency in diet induce an increased intestinal absorption and tissue retention of Cd, and down -regulate the MT1 expression in the intestine which might be play a part of role in Cd absorption and transport in mammalian. These findings suggest that deficiency of essential metal could be enhanced the toxicity of toxic, non-esstial metals through the metal-metal interaction.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1784-1794
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• 2004

To study the effects between Cd inhalation toxicity and methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, 4 rat groups were exposed to Cd aerosol by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cd concentration in air was 0.98㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter(MMD) was 1.78㎛. 3 different dose intraperitoneal injections of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae to 3 inhalation exposure groups applied for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest lung weight was from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ and the highest liver and kidney weight were from inhalation exposure group Ⅱ(p<0.05). The lowest Cd content in lung was 22.77㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest Cd concentration in blood was 11.71㎍/㎗ from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ(p<0.05). Cd concentrations of 14.87㎍/g in liver and 17.91㎍/g in kidney were the highest from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ(p<0.05). The lowest Cd concentration in liver and kidney were 5.71㎍/g and 3.17㎍/g from the control(p<0.05). For weekly Cd concentration in urine, the highest value was 0.48㎍/㎖ from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ of the 3rd week and inhalation exposure group Ⅰ, Ⅱ of the 4th week. For weekly Cd concentration in feces, the highest value was 0.32㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 89.02㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). The highest metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were 265.47㎍/g and 214.21㎍/g from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ, respectively(p<0.05). The highest Hct, Hb, and WBC values were from inhalation exposure group Ⅱ and the highest RBC value was from inhalation exposure group Ⅲ(p<0.05). Mostly damaged part in liver tissue was hepatic lobule and the degrees of damage were lessened by the intraperitoneal injection of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae. Proximal, distal convoluted tubules and glomerulus in kidney tissue were mostly damaged part. Degeneration and swelling were partially observed but the degrees of kidney tissue damage were lessened more or less by the intraperitoneal injection of methanol extract of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 중금속 7종(Cu, Cd, Cr, As(III), As(V), Zn, Ni) 및 나노입자 5종(CuO, ZnO, NiO, $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3$)에 대한 독성을 수계 대표 생물종인 녹조류 Chlorella vulgaris를 이용한 생물검정법으로 평가하였다. 조류에 미치는 영향은 흡광도, 클로로필 및 개체수 측정에 대한 결과를 통합하여 평가하였다. 중금속의 통합결과독성($TEC_{50}$) 순서는 Cr ($0.7mgL^{-1}$) > Cu ($1.7mgL^{-1}$) > Cd ($3.2mgL^{-1}$) > Zn ($3.9mgL^{-1}$) > Ni ($13.2mgL^{-1}$) > As(III) ($17.8mgL^{-1}$) ${\gg}$ As(V) (> $1000mgL^{-1}$)로 나타났다. 중금속은 측정종말점에 따라 일부 상이한 민감도와 독성이 조사되었다. 나노입자의 독성($TEC_{50}$) 순서는 ZnO ($2.4mgL^{-1}$) > NiO ($21.1mgL^{-1}$) > CuO ($36.6mgL^{-1}$) > $TiO_2$ ($62.5mgL^{-1}$) > $Fe_2O_3$ ($82.7mgL^{-1}$)로 나타났다. 나노입자는 측정종말점간에 비슷한 민감도와 독성을 보였다. 따라서 오염물의 독성을 평가하기 위해서 단일 방법에 의한 결과보다는 다양한 측정종말점의 통합결과에 근거한 접근이 적절할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

Objective: This paper examines the possible toxicity to immune system in farmers chronically exposed to pesticides. Methods : We compared 43 male farmers exposed to pesticides with 29 male residents who had neither past nor current pesticides exposure. The selected variables for studying immunotoxicity were WBC, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56, IgG, IgA, IgM, and IL-2. As part of the baseline questionnaires for the immunotoxicity, subjects were asked about kinds of farming, posticides exposure and medical history. Results : None of the variables for studying immunotoxicity showed statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although the results were not statistically significant, CD4 and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased and CD8 increased. These effects showed a dose response change with exposure level. In the exposed group, the values of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 and CD19 decreased and those of the CD8 and CD56 increased compared to the non-exposed group. Also there was higher prevalence of self-reported disease in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. Conclusions: Although statistically significant differences in indices of immunotoxicity in farmers exposed to pesticides were not shown, the results suggest that pesticides may decrease immune function. More advanced test methods for immunotoxicity need to be developed and tested in larger population to detect immunotoxic effects of pesticides.