• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.29-53
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• 2013

Chinese ISD has been changed a lot since the reformation policy in 1978 and it is expected that China will present a changed attitude toward its advantage as its industrialization continues to advance. This study generally examines the ISD in BIT and also considers not only the attitude of China with regard to ISD but also the changes on the Chinese side. Moreover, this study determines the areas on which the Chinese government focuses. In order to conduct this study, the author attempts to classify the attitudes on ISD into chronical change and treaty powers based on the analysis of BIT. In addition, the paper examines the main contents of ISD in BIT which previously involved an agreement such as arbitral institution, arbitral range, counter-measures of local country, standard for admitting the nationality of corporate investors, and recognition and enforcement of arbitral award. Based on analysis, this paper mentions matters that require attention and caution in the Korea-China FTA as regards investment negotiation, and also suggests instructions for investors who may face dispute with the Chinese government.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.100-105
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• 2004

The difference of whiteness, brightness and lightness was clearly explained in this paper through the use of a tinting dye and a fluorescent whitening agent which are commercially wide]y used to make paper look whiter. Other optical properties such as tint, color shade, and color difference were also discussed. It was suggested that in comparing two tinting dyes, lightness $(L^*)$ is the most important property to be compared, while whiteness data should be used in caution in order not to surpass its significant range, and $a^*,\;b^*$ values can also be used to see the change of color shades together with ${\Delta}E$ as color difference. In comparing two fluorescent whitening agents, whiteness or brightness values are most important to be compared, but lightness values are not suitable fur this purpose; $a^*,\;b^*$ and color difference ${\Delta}E$ can also be referred, but with less significance.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Tendency of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) detection from 2001 to 2016 in Korea was studied based on 15 reported cases. Since the VHSV was first detected from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Pohang in 2001, it has been continuously reported from olive flounder farms in various regions of the Korean coastal area. So far, the virus has been detected from 2 farmed fishes, 12 wild marine fishes and 2 marine bivalves. All the 67 isolates were belong to VHSV genotype IVa. The predisposing factor analysis from different olive flounder farms revealed that the VHSV were highly detected from the juveniles under 40 g in body weight, in the temperature range from 9.5 to $17^{\circ}C$ and during the period of March to June. Therefore, we recommend that farmers, need to exercise caution against VHSV infection in Spring.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2019

The quality of troposphere ozone in three reanalysis datasets is evaluated with longterm ozonesonde measurement at Pohang, South Korea. The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERAI) and Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2) are particularly examined in terms of the vertical ozone structure, seasonality and long-term trend in the lower troposphere. It turns out that MACC shows the smallest biases in the ozone profile, and has realistic seasonality of lower-tropospheric ozone concentration with a maximum ozone mixing ratio in spring and early summer and minimum in winter. MERRA2 also shows reasonably small biases. However, ERAI exhibits significant biases with substantially lower ozone mixing ratio in most seasons, except in mid summer, than the observation. It even fails to reproduce the seasonal cycle of lower-tropospheric ozone concentration. This result suggests that great caution is needed when analyzing tropospheric ozone using ERAI data. It is further found that, although not statistically significant, all datasets consistently show a decreasing trend of 850-hPa ozone concentration since 2003 as in the observation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.330-335
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• 2023

Platelet function evaluation by PFA-100 or -200 has been known to be objective and sensitive for assessing platelet function and dysfunction of Von Willebrand Factor in humans and dogs. However, using the C/EPI cartridge in dogs is controversial. This study aimed to establish a reference range for PFA closure time in healthy small breed dogs (body weight < 10 kg) and to evaluate the effectiveness of both C/ADP and C/EPI cartridges for these dogs. Citrated blood samples were collected from 50 clinically healthy small breed dogs that were admitted for presurgical procedures or health checkups, and closure times were measured using the PFA-200. Reference ranges were determined as 42-144 s (median 67 s, mean 71.2 s, SD ± 21.2 s, 95% RI 43-140 s) , for CT-C/ADP and 41-200 s (median 87, mean 91.2 s, SD ± 31.8 s, 95% RI 44-195 s) for CT-C/EPI. The present study demonstrated that the reference ranges for PFA closure times in small breed dogs are in line with existing reference ranges. The utilization of C/ADP cartridges is the preferred choice for evaluating platelet function in small breed dogs. However, due to variable responses of epinephrine to platelet aggregation in dogs, caution should be exercised when using C/EPI cartridges.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2011

The objective of the present study is to systematically characterize a linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields correspondent to the rheological ground state. With this aim, using a strain-controlled rheometer, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of commercially available petroleum jelly have been measured at $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature) over a wide range of angular frequencies at an extremely small strain amplitude of 0.1 %. In this article, the linear viscoelastic behavior was reported in detail and then explained from a structural view-point of petroleum jelly and discussed in depth with respect to the consumer's requirements. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies studied, meaning that the linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous nature. (2) Petroleum jelly shows a desirable linear viscoelastic behavior with respect to the consumer's requirements because it is undesirable for the product to flow down from the skin at an initial stage upon contact with the human skin. (3) A fractional derivative model shows an excellent applicability to describe a linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly. However, this model should be used with a special caution because there exists no physical meaning for the model parameters. (4) A modified form of the Cox-Merz rule gives a good ability to predict the relationship between steady shear flow properties (nonlinear behavior) and dynamic viscoelastic properties (linear behavior) for petroleum jelly.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the self-administered questionnaire for Korean radiation workers. Methods: From May 24, 2016, to June 30, 2017, 20,608 participants completed the questionnaire, providing information on sociodemographics, lifestyle, work history and practices, medical radiation exposure, and medical history, which was linked to the National Dose Registry and the National Cancer Registry. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the responses of 20,608 workers, and reliability was evaluated using the responses of 3043 workers who responded to the survey twice. Results: Responses concerning demographic characteristics and lifestyle showed reliability with a moderate-to-high agreement (kappa: 0.43-0.99), whereas responses concerning occupation and medical radiation exposure had a wide range of agreement (kappa: 0.05-0.95), possibly owing to temporal variability during employment. Regarding validity, responses to the question about the first year of employment had an excellent agreement with the national registry (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.9); however, responses on cancer history had a wide range of agreement (kappa: 0.22-0.85). Conclusion: Although the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were not distinguished by demographic characteristics, they tended to be low among participants whose occupational radiation exposure was minimal. Overall, the information collected can be reliable for epidemiological studies; however, caution must be exercised when using information such as medical exposure and work practices, which are prone to temporal variability.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2022

Background: The outcomes of patients 50-55 years old or younger undergoing prosthetic shoulder arthroplasty (PSA) may not generalize to younger patients. We report outcomes following PSA in a consecutive series of patients 40 years or younger. We hypothesize that total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) provides better outcome and durability than resurfacing hemiarthroplasty (RHA). Methods: Patients were stratified by diagnosis and surgical procedure performed, RHA or TSA. Active range of motion and self-assessed outcome were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up. Results: Twenty-nine consecutive PSAs were identified in 26 patients, comprising 9 TSAs and 20 RHAs, with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Twelve PSAs were performed for chondrolysis. Mean active forward elevation, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation improved significantly (p<0.001 for all). Mean pain score improved from 6.3 to 2.1, Simple Shoulder Test from 4.0 to 9.0, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score from 38 to 75 (p<0.001 for all). Patients undergoing RHA and TSA had similar outcomes; but three RHAs required revision, two of these within 4 years of implantation. Four of five patients undergoing revision during the study period had an original diagnosis of chondrolysis. Conclusions: PSA in young patients provides substantial improvement in active range of motion and patient reported outcomes irrespective of diagnosis and glenoid management. However, patients undergoing RHA, especially for chondrolysis, frequently require subsequent revision surgery, so that RHA should be considered with caution in young patients and only after shared decision-making and counsel on the risk of early revision to TSA.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.215-228
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• 2023

The State Space Representation (SSR) method provides individual corrections for each Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) error components. This method can lead to less bandwidth for transmission and allows selective use of each correction. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) - Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is one of the carrier-based precise positioning techniques using SSR correction. This technique enables high-precision positioning with a fast convergence time by providing atmospheric correction as well as satellite orbit and clock correction. Currently, the positioning service that supports PPP-RTK technology is the Quazi-Zenith Satellite System Centimeter Level Augmentation System (QZSS CLAS) in Japan. A system that provides correction for each GNSS error component, such as QZSS CLAS, requires monitoring of each error component to provide reliable correction and integrity information to the user. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the performance of residual error bounding for each error component. To assess this performance, we utilized the correction and quality indicators provided by QZSS CLAS. Performance analyses included the range domain, dispersive part, non-dispersive part, and satellite orbit/clock part. The residual root mean square (RMS) of CLAS correction for the range domain approximated 0.0369 m, and the residual RMS for both dispersive and non-dispersive components is around 0.0363 m. It has also been confirmed that the residual errors are properly bounded by the integrity parameters. However, the satellite orbit and clock part have a larger residual of about 0.6508 m, and it was confirmed that this residual was not bounded by the integrity parameters. Users who rely solely on satellite orbit and clock correction, particularly maritime users, thus should exercise caution when utilizing QZSS CLAS.