Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation

The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (한국약제학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Rheological Evaluation of Petroleum Jelly as a Base Material in Ointment and Cream Formulations : Linear Viscoelastic Behavior

  • Park, Eun-Kyoung (Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Song, Ki-Won (Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University)
  • Received : 2011.05.06
  • Accepted : 2011.06.03
  • Published : 2011.06.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to systematically characterize a linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields correspondent to the rheological ground state. With this aim, using a strain-controlled rheometer, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of commercially available petroleum jelly have been measured at $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature) over a wide range of angular frequencies at an extremely small strain amplitude of 0.1 %. In this article, the linear viscoelastic behavior was reported in detail and then explained from a structural view-point of petroleum jelly and discussed in depth with respect to the consumer's requirements. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies studied, meaning that the linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous nature. (2) Petroleum jelly shows a desirable linear viscoelastic behavior with respect to the consumer's requirements because it is undesirable for the product to flow down from the skin at an initial stage upon contact with the human skin. (3) A fractional derivative model shows an excellent applicability to describe a linear viscoelastic behavior of petroleum jelly. However, this model should be used with a special caution because there exists no physical meaning for the model parameters. (4) A modified form of the Cox-Merz rule gives a good ability to predict the relationship between steady shear flow properties (nonlinear behavior) and dynamic viscoelastic properties (linear behavior) for petroleum jelly.

Keywords

References

  1. Bagley, R.L., Torvik, P.J., 1983. A theoretical base for the application of fractional calculus to viscoelasticity. J. Rheol. 27, 201-210.
  2. Barnes, H.A., Hutton, J.F., Walters, K., 1989. An Introdution to Rheology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  3. Barry, B.W., Grace, A. J., 1971. Structural, rheological and textural properties of soft paraffins. J. Texture Studies 2, 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1971.tb01004.x
  4. Birdwell, B.F., Jessen, F.W., 1966. Crystallization of petroleum waxes. Nature 209, 366-368. https://doi.org/10.1038/209366a0
  5. Bosworth, R.C.L., 1946. A definition of plasticity. Nature 137, 447.
  6. Boylan, J.C., 1966. Rheological study of selected pharmaceutical semisolids. J. Pharm. Sci. 55, 710-715. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550708
  7. Brummer, R., 2006. Rheology Essentials of Cosmetic and Food Emulsions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
  8. Brummer, R., Godersky, S., 1999. Rheological studies to objectify sensations occurring when cosmetic emulsions are applied to the skin. Colloids and Surfaces A : Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 152, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00626-8
  9. Carreau, P.J., De Kee, D.C.R., Chhabra, R.P., 1997. Rheology of Polymeric Systems : Principles and Applications. Hanser Publishers, New York, USA.
  10. Cha, M.J., 2011. Rheological characterization of pharmaceutical ointments. M. E. Thesis, Pusan National University, Korea.
  11. Cha, M.J., Park, E.K., Song, K.W., 2009. Rheological evaluation of pharmaceutical ointments in spreading and rubbing conditions. Theor. Appl. Rheol. 13, 193-197.
  12. Chang, G.S., Koo, J.S., Song, K.W., 2003. Wall slip of vaseline in steady shear rheometry. Korea-Australia Rheol. J. 15, 55-61.
  13. Cox, W.P., Merz, E.H., 1958. Correlation of dynamic and steady flow viscosities. J. Polym. Sci. 28, 619-622. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1958.1202811812
  14. Davis, S.S., 1969. Viscoelastic properties of pharmaceutical semisolids (1) : Ointment bases. J. Pharm. Sci. 58, 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600580404
  15. Dealy, J.M., Wissbrun, K.F., 1990. Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing : Theory and Applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA.
  16. Ferry, J.D., 1980. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
  17. Fu, R.C.C., Lidgate, D.M., 1985. Characterization of the shear sensitivity property of petrolatum. J. Pharm. Sci. 74, 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600740313
  18. Harrison, G., Franks, G.V., Tirtaatmadja, V., Boger, D.V., 1999. Suspensions and polymers : Common links in rheology. Korea-Australia Rheol. J. 11, 197-218.
  19. Jampala, S.N., Manolache, S., Gunasekaran, S., Denes, F.S., 2005. Plasma-enhanced modification of xanthan gum and its effect on rheological properties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 3618-3625. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0479113
  20. Kim, C., Yoo, B., 2006. Rheological properties of rice starch-xanthan gum mixtures. J. Food Eng. 75, 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.002
  21. Kwon, M.J., 2011. Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of toothpastes. M.E. Thesis, Pusan National University, Korea.
  22. Lee, K.W., Park, E.K., Song, K.W., 2008. Rheological assessment of hand lotions with respect to stability and application. Theor. Appl. Rheol. 12, 151-154.
  23. Ma, L., Barbosa-Canovas, G.V., 1996. Simulating viscoelastic properties of selected food gums and gum mixtures using a fractional derivative model. J. Texture Studies 27, 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1996.tb00077.x
  24. Macosko, C.W., 1994. Rheology : Principles, Measurements and Applications. VCH Publishers, New York, USA
  25. Pandey, P., Ewing, G.D., 2008. Rheological characterization of petrolatum using a controlled stress rheometer. Drug Devel. Ind. Pharm. 34, 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040701484569
  26. Park, E.K., 2008. Rheological evaluation of semi-solid pharmaceutical ingredients. M. E. Thesis, Pusan National University, Korea.
  27. Park, E.K., Song, K.W., 2010a. Rheological evaluation of petroleum jelly as a base material in ointment and cream formulations : Steady shear flow behavior. Arch. Pharm. Res. 33, 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-2236-4
  28. Park, E.K., Song, K.W., 2010b. Rheological evaluation of petroleum jelly as a base material in ointment and cream formulations with respect to rubbing onto the human body. Korea-Australia Rheol. J. 22, 279-289.
  29. Pena, L.E., Lee, B.L., Stearns, J.F., 1994. Structural rheology of a model ointment. Pharm. Res. 11, 875-881. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018990010686
  30. Ross, B., 1975. A brief history and exposition of the fundamental theory of fractional calculus. In : Fractional Calculus and Its Applications. (A. Dold and B. Eckmann Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1-36.
  31. Ross-Murphy, S. B., 1995. Structure-property relationships in food biopolymer gels and solutions. J. Rheol. 39, 1451-1463. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550610
  32. Ross-Murphy, S. B., Shatwell, K. P., 1993. Polysaccharide strong and weak gels. Biorheology 30, 217-227.
  33. Song, K.W., Chang, G.S., 1998. Steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelastic properties of semi-solid food materials. Kor. J. Rheol. 11, 143-152.
  34. Song, D.Y., Jiang, T.Q., 1998. Study on the constitutive equation with fractional derivative for the viscoelastic fluids : Modified Jeffreys model and its application. Rheol. Acta 37, 512-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003970050138
  35. Song, K.W., Kuk, H.Y., Chang, G.S., 2006. Rheology of concentrated xanthan gum solutions : Oscillatory shear flow behavior. Korea-Australia Rheol. J. 18, 67-81.
  36. Tschoegl, N.W., 1989. The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  37. Yu, C., Gunasekaran, S., 2001. Correlation of dynamic and steady flow viscosities of food materials. Appl. Rheol. 11, 134-140.

Cited by

  1. Rheological investigation of body cream and body lotion in actual application conditions vol.27, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13367-015-0024-x
  2. Iodinated curcumin bearing dermal cream augmented drug delivery, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities vol.35, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2018.1425749
  3. Contribution to the rheological testing of pharmaceutical semisolids pp.1097-9867, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2018.1425432